Comparative Study of Musta and Shatavari for Anti-Atherosclerosis
Journal name: Ayushdhara
Original article title: A Comparative Analytical and Invivo Evaluation of Musta (Cyperus Rotundus Linn.) and Shatavari (Asparagus Racemosus Wild.) for Anti Atherosclerotic Activity
AYUSHDHARA is an international peer-reviewed journal. It focuses on research in Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, Homeopathy, Allopathy, and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
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Dharani
Associate Professor, Department of Dravyaguna, Government Ayurveda Medical College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
Savita B Sutagatti
Assistant Professor, Department of Dravyaguna, Government Ayurveda Medical College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
Ahalya S
Principal, Government Ayurveda Medical College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
Lalitha B.R
Retired Professor, Department of Dravyaguna, Government Ayurveda Medical College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
Ayushdhara:
(A peer-reviewed, bi-monthly open-access journal)
Full text available for: A Comparative Analytical and Invivo Evaluation of Musta (Cyperus Rotundus Linn.) and Shatavari (Asparagus Racemosus Wild.) for Anti Atherosclerotic Activity
Year: 2022 | Doi: 10.47070/ayushdhara.v10i4.1001
Copyright (license): CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a leading cause of mortality globally, with atherosclerosis being a significant contributor. Atherosclerosis is characterized by lipid deposits and inflammatory responses in arterial walls that lead to narrowing and potential blockage of blood vessels, resulting in serious cardiovascular events like heart attacks and strokes. In Ayurveda, atherosclerosis is associated with conditions such as Kapha Medo Dushti, leading to treatment principles that target the reduction of excess Kapha and Medas (lipids) through specific natural remedies. This study compares the anti-atherosclerotic activities of Musta (Cyperus rotundus) and Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus), two Ayurvedic herbs known for their effectiveness in managing obesity and hyperlipidemia.
Efficacy of Musta and Shatavari
Musta and Shatavari have distinct pharmacological profiles and effects on body weight and lipid profiles, which are crucial in the context of atherosclerosis. In the experimental study, both herbs were administered to New Zealand White rabbits subjected to high-fat diets to induce atherosclerosis. The results indicated that while both herbs exhibited potential in reducing blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and VLDL levels, Shatavari consistently showed more significant results compared to Musta. Churna (powder) and aqueous extracts of Shatavari were notably more effective than methanolic extracts, demonstrating its superiority in managing hyperlipidemia related to atherosclerosis.
Role of Atherosclerosis Management
The management of atherosclerosis through dietary and therapeutic interventions plays a critical role in preventing progression and complications. The study demonstrated that both Musta and Shatavari possess anti-atherosclerotic properties due to their diverse chemical constituents, such as saponins, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds, known for their lipid-lowering effects. While Musta was found to be more effective in reducing body weight and was suggested as a choice for obesity-related hyperlipidemia, Shatavari emerged as a potent option for hyperlipidemia marked by Rasa kshaya lakshanas (deficiency of the body fluids). This distinction underscores the necessity for tailored approaches in treating conditions linked to cardiovascular health.
Conclusion
The comparative analysis of Musta and Shatavari illustrates their significant roles in managing atherosclerosis and highlights the importance of herbal treatments in contemporary health care. Both herbs demonstrated efficacy in both preventive and curative contexts regarding cardiovascular complications associated with lipid metabolism. However, Shatavari's greater effectiveness in addressing hyperlipidemic conditions emphasizes its value in Ayurvedic practice. Future research could further explore the detailed biochemical pathways through which these herbs exert their cardioprotective effects and deepen understanding of their roles in holistic health management.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What types of drugs were evaluated for anti-atherosclerotic activity?
The study evaluated two Ayurvedic drugs: Musta (Cyperus rotundus) and Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus) for their effectiveness in combating atherosclerosis, focusing on their anti-atherosclerotic properties through various tests and analyses.
What were the main findings regarding Shatavari's effectiveness?
Shatavari showed significant reductions in blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and VLDL levels compared to Musta, making it more effective in these areas. Its Churna and aqueous extracts outperformed the methanolic extract in efficacy.
How were the drugs tested in the study?
The study was conducted using New Zealand White rabbits, where the drugs were administered both in preventive and curative aspects, following a high-fat diet to induce atherosclerosis, and the results were measured through various biochemical parameters.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for 鈥淐omparative Study of Musta and Shatavari for Anti-Atherosclerosis鈥�. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Musta (Mushta):
Musta, botanically identified as Cyperus rotundus Linn., is a herb belonging to the Cyperaceae family. It's used extensively in Ayurveda, known for its medicinal properties like Kaphapitta-hara karma and Lekhana karma. Musta's primary parts used are its tuberous roots, which contain various phytochemicals and minerals.
2) Shatavari (Satavari):
Shatavari, identified as Asparagus racemosus Wild., belongs to the Asparagaceae family. It is a key ingredient in many Ayurvedic formulations due to its properties such as Balya and Medhya. It is traditionally used to treat a variety of conditions, including hyperlipidemia and inflammation, often utilizing its roots.
3) Drug:
In this study, 'drug' refers to herbal medicinal substances used for therapeutic purposes. Examples include Musta and Shatavari, which are evaluated for their anti-atherosclerotic properties. These drugs are often prepared in various forms like churna or extracts.
4) Karma (Karman):
'Karma' in this context pertains to the therapeutic actions of herbs in Ayurveda. Musta is known for its Lekhana karma, while Shatavari is recognized for its Hrudya karma. These actions help in treating specific imbalances and diseases in the body.
5) Diet:
Diet plays a crucial role in the induction and study of atherosclerosis in this research. A high-fat diet was used to induce hyperlipidemia and obesity in New Zealand White rabbits, facilitating the evaluation of the anti-atherosclerotic activity of Musta and Shatavari.
6) Cyperus rotundus:
Cyperus rotundus, commonly known as Nut grass, is the botanical name for Musta. This perennial herb is known for its medicinal properties, including anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, and hypolipidemic activities. Its tuberous roots are primarily used in Ayurvedic medicine.
7) Animal:
In this study, the animal model used is the New Zealand White rabbit. These animals were selected due to their lipoprotein metabolism, which closely resembles that of humans, making them suitable for studying the effects of Musta and Shatavari on atherosclerosis.
8) Rasa (Rasha):
In Ayurveda, 'Rasa' refers to the taste or flavor of a substance, which influences its therapeutic properties. Musta has Tikta-Kashaya-Katu Rasa, contributing to its Deepana and Lekhana karmas, while Shatavari has Madhura-Tikta Rasa, offering Balya and Hrudya effects.
9) Asparagus racemosus:
Asparagus racemosus Wild., known as Shatavari, is used extensively in Ayurveda for its numerous medicinal properties. It is known for treating conditions such as hyperlipidemia and infertility, with its roots containing beneficial compounds like saponins, flavonoids, and essential minerals.
10) Dhamani:
In Ayurveda, 'Dhamani' refers to the blood vessels or arteries. Atherosclerosis correlates with 'Dhamani Pratichaya,' which involves the thickening of arteries due to lipid deposition, leading to cardiovascular diseases. Musta and Shatavari are studied for their potential to reduce this condition.
11) Disease:
In this study, 'disease' pertains to atherosclerosis, a condition characterized by the build-up of plaques in the arterial walls. This causes cardiovascular issues like heart attacks and strokes. Musta and Shatavari were evaluated for their efficacy in preventing and treating this disease.
12) Powder:
Powder, or 'Churna,' is a common preparation form for Ayurvedic medicines. In this study, powders of Musta and Shatavari were used along with their aqueous and methanolic extracts to evaluate their anti-atherosclerotic properties in an animal model.
13) Blood:
Blood parameters were crucial in this study for evaluating the effects of Musta and Shatavari on atherosclerosis. Key metrics included levels of glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, and VLDL, which were measured before and after treatment.
14) Kapha:
Kapha is one of the three doshas in Ayurveda, representing the water and earth elements. An imbalance in Kapha, often manifesting as excess mucus and fat, is implicated in conditions like hyperlipidemia and obesity, which Musta and Shatavari aim to correct.
15) Dharani (Dharanimamdala):
[see source text or glossary: Dharani]
16) Bitter:
Bitter, or 'Tikta,' is a Rasa in Ayurveda associated with detoxifying and reducing Kapha and Pitta doshas. Musta has a Tikta-Kashaya-Katu Rasa, which aids in its Deepana and Lekhana karmas, essential for treating conditions like hyperlipidemia and obesity.
17) Ayurveda (Ayus-veda):
Ayurveda is a traditional system of medicine from India, focusing on holistic health and balance of body, mind, and spirit. This study applies Ayurvedic principles to evaluate Musta and Shatavari for their anti-atherosclerotic properties, demonstrating their relevance in modern healthcare.
18) Vikara:
In Ayurveda, 'Vikara' refers to disorders or diseases. Examples from this study include Sthoulya (obesity) and hyperlipidemia, which are considered Medo pradoshaja vikara and Rasa pradoshaja vikara, respectively. Musta and Shatavari are assessed for their efficacy in treating these conditions.
19) Tikta:
Tikta, or 'bitter,' is one of the six Rasas in Ayurveda, known for its detoxifying and fat-reducing properties. Both Musta and Shatavari contain Tikta Rasa, contributing to their effectiveness in the study, particularly in reducing cholesterol and improving lipid profiles.
20) Kashaya (Kasaya):
Kashaya, or 'astringent,' is a Rasa that helps in tightening tissues and reducing excess Kapha and Medas. Musta's Tikta-Kashaya-Katu Rasa combination aids its effectiveness in Lekhana karma, targeting hyperlipidemia and obesity in the study.
21) Vipaka:
Vipaka is the post-digestive effect of a substance, influencing its ultimate impact on the body. Musta has Katu Vipaka, which supports its Deepana and Lekhana actions, while Shatavari has Madhura Vipaka, contributing to its nourishing and soothing effects.
22) Death:
In the context of this study, death refers to the high mortality rate associated with cardiovascular diseases globally. The study aims to mitigate these risks by evaluating the anti-atherosclerotic potential of Musta and Shatavari, contributing to better heart health.
23) Guna:
Guna refers to the inherent qualities of a substance in Ayurveda. Musta has Laghu (light) and Ruksha (dry) Gunas, aiding in its effectiveness for conditions like hyperlipidemia. Shatavari, with its Snigdha (unctuous) and Guru (heavy) Gunas, provides nourishment and balance.
24) Madhura:
Madhura, or 'sweet,' is one of the six Rasas and is known for its nourishing and balancing properties. Shatavari has Madhura Rasa, contributing to its Balya (strengthening) and Rasayana (rejuvenating) actions, making it effective in treating hyperlipidemia with Rasa Kshaya Lakshanas.
25) Katu:
Katu, or 'pungent,' is one of the six Rasas, known for its stimulating and digesting properties. Musta's Katu Rasa aids in its Deepana (digestive) and Lekhana (scraping) karmas, making it effective in managing hyperlipidemia and obesity in the study.
26) Medas (Meda, Medash):
Medas, in Ayurveda, refers to fat tissue or lipids in the body. Disorders like hyperlipidemia and obesity are linked to Medas. Musta and Shatavari are evaluated for their ability to reduce excessive Medas, aiding in the treatment of these conditions.
27) Karnataka:
Karnataka is a state in India where the Government Ayurveda Medical College in Bangalore is located. The institution played a significant role in this study, facilitating the research and evaluation of Musta and Shatavari for their anti-atherosclerotic properties.
28) Flavonoid:
Flavonoids are a group of phytochemicals known for their antioxidant properties. Both Musta and Shatavari contain flavonoids, which contribute to their efficacy in reducing lipid peroxidation and treating conditions like hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis in this study.
29) Lakshana (Laksana):
Lakshanas are symptoms or characteristics of diseases in Ayurveda. In this study, conditions like hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis have specific Lakshanas, which Musta and Shatavari aim to alleviate through their therapeutic actions such as Kaphahara and Medohara.
30) Dhatu:
Dhatus are the foundational tissues in the body according to Ayurveda. Medas Dhatu refers to fat tissue, and Rasa Dhatu refers to plasma. The study investigates Musta and Shatavari's effectiveness in balancing these Dhatus, particularly in cases of hyperlipidemia and obesity.
31) India:
India is the country where this study was conducted, with contributions from the Government Ayurveda Medical College in Bangalore, Karnataka. The research focuses on traditional Ayurvedic practices for treating modern diseases such as atherosclerosis using Musta and Shatavari.
32) Cutan:
Sudan refers to the Sudanophilia test used in this study to assess cholesterol deposition in the aorta. Less Sudanophilia observed in Musta and Shatavari treated groups indicates potential anti-atherosclerotic activity, as demonstrated by reduced dark red spots.
33) Mala:
In Ayurveda, Mala refers to waste products generated during metabolic processes. Kapha, as the Mala of Rasa Dhatu, can manifest as excessive mucus or fat, contributing to conditions like hyperlipidemia and obesity. Musta and Shatavari aim to manage such imbalances.
34) Kala:
Kala refers to time periods in Ayurvedic texts. Musta and Shatavari have historical usage spanning from Veda Kala (ancient times) to Adhunika Kala (modern times), indicating their long-standing efficacy in treating conditions like hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis.
35) Pharmacological:
Pharmacological refers to the study of the effects and mechanisms of drugs. In this study, the pharmacological evaluation of Musta and Shatavari covers their anti-atherosclerotic, anti-obesity, and hypolipidemic activities, highlighting their therapeutic potential.
36) Phytochemical:
Phytochemical analysis involves the identification of active compounds in plants. In this study, Musta and Shatavari were analyzed for their phytochemical constituents like flavonoids, saponins, and phenolic compounds, which contribute to their anti-atherosclerotic properties.
37) Lekhana:
Lekhana refers to the scraping action attributed to certain Ayurvedic herbs. Musta is known for its Lekhana karma, which helps in reducing excess Kapha and Medas, making it effective in managing hyperlipidemia and obesity in this study.
38) Family:
Family, in botanical terms, refers to the taxonomic category. Musta belongs to the Cyperaceae family, while Shatavari belongs to the Asparagaceae family. Understanding their family classification helps in identifying their medicinal properties and traditional uses.
39) Ghana:
[see source text or glossary: Ghana]
40) Guru:
Guru refers to heaviness, a Guna or quality in Ayurveda. Shatavari, with its Guru Guna, is nourishing and strengthening, making it beneficial for conditions involving Rasa Kshaya Lakshanas, such as hyperlipidemia associated with nutrient deficiencies.
41) Katurasa (Katu-rasa):
Katu-Rasa, or pungent taste, is one of the six Rasas in Ayurveda. Musta's Katu-Rasa contributes to its Deepana and Lekhana karmas, enhancing its effectiveness in treating hyperlipidemia and obesity by promoting digestion and reducing excess fat.
42) Narayana (Nara-ayana, Nara-yana):
[see source text or glossary: Narayana]
43) Varunadi (Varuna-adi):
[see source text or glossary: Varunadi]
44) Medicine:
Medicine refers to the practice and preparation of therapeutic substances. In this study, Ayurvedic medicines like Musta and Shatavari are evaluated for their anti-atherosclerotic properties through various pharmacological and phytochemical analyses.
45) Guggulu:
Guggulu refers to a group of herbal formulations in Ayurveda known for their anti-inflammatory and lipid-lowering properties. Musta is an ingredient in Vyoshadi guggulu, which is indicated in the treatment of hyperlipidemia, obesity, and other metabolic disorders.
46) Snigdha:
Snigdha refers to the oily or unctuous quality in Ayurveda. Shatavari, with its Snigdha Guna, is nourishing and balancing, which supports its use in treating hyperlipidemia associated with Rasa Kshaya Lakshanas by providing essential nutrients.
47) Dravya:
'Dravya' in Ayurveda refers to the substance or material used for therapeutic purposes. In this study, Musta and Shatavari are the primary Dravyas evaluated for their anti-atherosclerotic effects, utilizing both their powdered forms and extracts.
48) Ruksha (Ruksa):
Ruksha refers to the dry quality in Ayurveda. Musta's Ruksha Guna helps in reducing excess Kapha and Medas, making it effective for conditions like hyperlipidemia and obesity by promoting dryness and aiding in the scraping action of Lekhana karma.
49) Kshaya (Ksaya):
Kshaya refers to depletion or deficiency. In this study, Shatavari is particularly effective in hyperlipidemia associated with Rasa Kshaya Lakshanas, as it provides nourishment and balance to rectify such deficiencies while reducing excess lipid levels.
50) Nature:
[see source text or glossary: Nature]
51) Gold (Golden):
Golden refers to the color of the extract obtained from Shatavari during the preparation phase. This descriptive characteristic helps in identifying the correct preparation and quality of the herbal medicine used in the study.
52) Nagara (Naga-ra):
Nagara is one of the synonyms indicating the habitat of Musta. It reflects Musta's wide distribution and adaptability to various regions, contributing to its extensive use in traditional medicine across different climatic conditions.
53) Laghu:
Laghu refers to the light quality in Ayurveda. Musta's Laghu Guna aids in its Deepana and Lekhana karmas, making it effective for conditions like hyperlipidemia and obesity by promoting lightness and reducing excess heaviness in the body.
54) Rakta:
Rakta refers to blood in Ayurveda. Conditions like hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis affect the quality and function of Rakta. Musta and Shatavari are evaluated for their potential to improve blood parameters and support cardiovascular health.
55) Virya:
Virya refers to the potency or energy of a substance in Ayurveda. Musta and Shatavari both possess Sheeta Virya, which helps in cooling and balancing the body, complementing their actions in treating hyperlipidemia and associated conditions.
56) Balya:
Balya refers to strengthening or tonic properties in Ayurveda. Shatavari is known for its Balya action, which helps in nourishing and revitalizing the body, making it effective for conditions involving Rasa Kshaya and overall physical weakness.
57) Cloud:
Cloud-related synonyms for Musta, such as Megha and Varaha, reflect its hydrophytic nature and its ability to thrive in moist environments. These synonyms highlight the herb's characteristics and broader traditional and cultural significance.
58) Veda:
Veda refers to ancient sacred texts in Indian tradition. Musta and Shatavari are mentioned in Vedic literature, indicating their long-standing usage and significance in traditional Ayurvedic medicine for treating various health conditions.
59) Agni:
Agni refers to the digestive fire in Ayurveda, essential for proper metabolism. Both Musta and Shatavari are attributed with Deepana karma, aiding in the regulation of Agni, which is crucial for managing conditions like hyperlipidemia and obesity.
60) Bile:
Bile is a digestive fluid that aids in the emulsification and absorption of fats. The anti-hyperlipidemic activities of Shatavari may be attributed to its ability to promote bile acid production, thereby aiding in the elimination of excess cholesterol.
61) Dham:
Dham refers to the root of the word Dhamani, which means vessels or arteries in Ayurveda. In this study, conditions like atherosclerosis correlate with Dhamani Pratichaya, highlighting the importance of vascular health and treatments involving Musta and Shatavari.
62) Food:
Food is a significant factor in the study as a high-fat diet was used to induce atherosclerosis in the animal model. The diet's composition, including cholesterol and oils, was carefully controlled to evaluate the therapeutic effects of Musta and Shatavari.
63) Nut grass:
Nut grass is the common name for Cyperus rotundus, known as Musta in Ayurveda. This plant is valued for its medicinal properties, including anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, and lipid-lowering effects, making it relevant for the study's focus on atherosclerosis.
64) Trishnanigrahana (Trsnanigrahana, Trishna-nigrahana):
[see source text or glossary: Trishnanigrahana]
65) Sushruta-samhita (Susruta-samhita):
[see source text or glossary: Susruta-samhita]
66) Stanyashodhana (Stanyasodhana, Stanya-shodhana):
[see source text or glossary: Stanyashodhana]
67) Narayanataila:
[see source text or glossary: Narayana-taila]
68) Mahashatavari (Mahasatavari, Maha-shatavari):
[see source text or glossary: Maha-shatavari]
69) Prajasthapana (Praja-sthapana):
[see source text or glossary: Prajasthapana]
70) Vayahsthapana (Vayassthapana, Vayah-sthapana, Vayas-sthapana):
[see source text or glossary: Vayahsthapana]
71) Tridoshahara (Tridosahara, Tridosha-hara):
[see source text or glossary: Tridoshahara]
72) Sukshmapatra (Sukshma-patra, Suksmapatra):
[see source text or glossary: Sukshmapatra]
73) Bhadramusta:
[see source text or glossary: Bhadra-musta]
74) Inflammation:
Inflammation is a bodily response to injury or infection, often playing a role in chronic diseases like atherosclerosis. Both Musta and Shatavari have anti-inflammatory properties, which are beneficial in reducing arterial plaque formation and cardiovascular risk.
75) Raktadhatu (Rakta-dhatu):
Rakta Dhatu refers to the blood tissue in Ayurvedic terms. This study evaluates the effects of Musta and Shatavari on blood parameters like cholesterol and glucose levels, aiming to improve overall Rakta Dhatu health and reduce atherosclerosis risk.
[Note: The above list is limited to 75. Total glossary definitions available: 161]
Other Science Concepts:
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Shatavari, Musta, Churna, Kaphahara, Obesity, Statistically Significant, Pharmacological activities, Hyperlipidemia, Atherosclerosis, Cardiovascular disease, Blood parameters, Body weight, Histopathology, Medohara, Dhamani pratichaya, Risk factor, New Zealand white rabbits, Anti-atherosclerotic activity, Srothoshodhana, Aqueous and methanolic extract.