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Glossary definitions and references:

Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for 鈥淴PS Study for Chemical Basis of Silver Based Bhasmas鈥�. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.

1) Silver:
Silver is a metal that forms the base for silver Bhasma in Ayurvedic medicine. It exists in multivalent forms such as AgO, Ag2O, and Ag2O3. Silver's properties as a mineral allow it to be used in traditional herbo-metallic drugs to treat various ailments once it undergoes the process of Bhasmikarana.

2) Bhasma (Bhasman):
Bhasma refers to ash obtained from metals or minerals that have undergone the purification and incineration process known as Bhasmikarana. It is an integral part of Ayurvedic medicine. Silver Bhasma, for example, is used to treat disorders related to the eye, nerve, and brain, representing one of the potent Ayurvedic drugs.

3) Mineral:
The mineral aspect in the preparation of Bhasma plays a crucial role as these are transformed into organic forms during Bhasmikarana. Essential for human body functions, minerals in Bhasma are absorbed more easily compared to their natural state. This transformation occurs during the therapeutic process to enhance efficacy and safety.

4) Drug:
In Ayurvedic medicine, drugs are often derived from both herbal and mineral sources. Silver Bhasma represents a herbo-metallic drug used for treating various ailments. These drugs must be standardized and validated through techniques such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to ensure they meet therapeutic and safety standards.

5) Bhasmikarana:
Bhasmikarana is the traditional Ayurvedic process used to convert metals into their ash form or Bhasma. This process purifies the metal, removing any toxic substances, and transforms it into an organo-metallic complex. This makes the Bhasma easier to assimilate in the human body and enhances its therapeutic properties.

6) Human body:
The human body requires essential minerals for proper functioning. Bhasmas, such as Silver Bhasma, facilitate the absorption of these minerals, having undergone Bhasmikarana to ensure they are in a bioavailable form. This process allows the human body to absorb these organic minerals efficiently.

7) Tamal:
[see source text or glossary: Dhamal]

8) Substance:
During the Bhasmikarana process, injurious substances are removed from metals, making the resulting Bhasma safe for human consumption. The aim is to retain therapeutic properties while eliminating any foreign or harmful substances, ensuring the final product is safe and effective.

9) Toxicity:
One of the key objectives of the Bhasmikarana process is to eliminate toxicity from the metal oxides used in the creation of Bhasma. This ensures that the Ayurvedic drugs are safe for human use. The process transforms the metal into a higher oxidation state, thus reducing its toxicity.

10) Tuberculosis:
Silver Bhasma has been traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine to treat various ailments, including tuberculosis. Its therapeutic properties, enhanced through the Bhasmikarana process, make it effective in treating such severe conditions, although modern validation methods are essential for confirming its efficacy.

11) Maharashtra (Maharastra, Maha-rashtra):
[see source text or glossary: Maharashtra]

12) Discussion:
The discussion in the text elaborates on the methodology and results of analyzing silver-based Bhasma using techniques like X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, EDAX, and SEM. It emphasizes the multivalent forms of silver and the importance of standardization, toxicity assessment, and particle size analysis for Ayurvedic drugs.

13) Science (Scientific):
Scientific methods like X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) are used to study the chemical composition and oxidation states of silver in Bhasma. These modern techniques ensure the standardization and validation of Ayurvedic drugs, confirming their efficacy, safety, and quality for therapeutic use.

14) Bharati:
Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be) University in Pune, Maharashtra, India, is the institution where research on silver-based Bhasmas using advanced scientific techniques such as XPS, EDAX, and SEM is conducted. This ensures the scientific validation of Ayurvedic formulations, enhancing their reliability and acceptability.

15) Purity:
The purity of various metallic-based Bhasmas, including Silver Bhasma, is crucial for their safe and effective use. Techniques like Neutron Activation Analysis and EDAX help confirm the purity of these preparations by accurate elemental analysis and standardization, eliminating toxic substances from the final product.

16) Nature:
In the preparation of Bhasmas, understanding the nature of the constituent elements, such as their oxidation states and chemical composition, is essential. Scientific methods like XPS help in determining these properties, ensuring the Bhasmas are both effective and safe for medicinal use.

17) India:
India is the country of origin for the traditional Ayurvedic practice of creating Bhasmas. This research conducted at Bharati Vidyapeeth in Pune, Maharashtra, emphasizes the use of modern scientific techniques to validate these ancient methods, ensuring their efficacy and safety for contemporary use.

18) Ayus (Ayush):
AYUSH stands for Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy. The journal AYUSHDHARA publishes research in these fields, including the study of silver-based Bhasmas. This research emphasizes the integration of traditional practices with modern scientific validation for effective and safe therapeutic options.

19) Honey:
In Ayurvedic practices, Bhasmas are often administered with carriers like butter, honey, milk, or ghee. These natural substances enhance the biocompatibility and absorption of the metal-based Bhasmas in the human body, reducing potential adverse effects while improving therapeutic efficacy.

20) Puta:
Putas refer to the specific methods of heating and cooling applied repeatedly during the Bhasmikarana process. This ensures that the metal transitions into its desired form, enhancing the medicinal properties of the final Bhasma while eliminating any toxicity associated with the metal oxides.

21) Pune:
Pune is a city in Maharashtra, India, where Bharati Vidyapeeth is located. The university conducts research on the chemical basis of silver-based Bhasmas using advanced scientific methods, aiming to standardize and validate Ayurvedic preparations for safe and effective therapeutic use.

22) Food:
Minerals essential to human health are often difficult to absorb in their natural form. Through the process of Bhasmikarana in Ayurvedic medicine, these minerals are transformed into more bioavailable forms that can be easily assimilated by the human body, often integrated into food or herbal formulations.

23) Ghi (Ghee):
Ghee, along with other substances like butter, honey, and milk, is traditionally used as a carrier to enhance the absorption of Bhasmas in Ayurvedic medicine. These carriers help improve the biocompatibility and therapeutic efficacy of the Bhasmas while minimizing any adverse effects of the metals used.

24) Milk:
Milk is commonly used as a carrier in Ayurvedic practices to administer Bhasmas. Similar to honey, ghee, and butter, milk helps in the biocompatibility and absorption of the metal-based Bhasmas in the human body, enhancing their therapeutic properties and reducing potential side effects.