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Dhanapala refers to him as a son of King Siyaka Harsadeva. But strangely enough he does not qualify Sindhuraja with any adjective indicating that he was a crowned king, as is the case with his 49.The Glory that was Gurjaradesha p.117. 50.Prabandha Chintamani($闯骋惭)鈥�p.25: laksmiryasyati govinde virasriparavesmani | gate munje yasah pujje niralamba sarasvati || 51.Tilakamanjari of Dhanapala(碍)鈮�I苍迟谤补虫 ||

127 father who is explicitely called a 'king' (bhupa).Similarly, it many be noted that no such qualification is mentioned with reference also to Vairisimha, the father 51 of Siyaka 21 Again Vakpatiraja Munja is called a 'nrpati', 'bhumipati' and 'ksonibhrt. 52 'ksonibhrt' Mrutunga knows him as 'Sindhula', the son of King Simhadantabhatta, who made over his sceptre to Munja, a foundling, whom he had picked up from a thicket of reeds and adopted as his first child. Merutunga further records as follows :"That brother, named Sindhula, out of high spirit, disobeyed the orders of Munja; accordingly he banished him from his kingdom, and so ruled for a long time. That Sindhula came to Gujarat, and established his 53 settlement in the neighbourhood of the city of Kasahrada Tradition is confused with regard to Sindhuraja. Merutunga, while referring to Munja's attempt at getting Bhoja assassinated, concludes that the latter was called 54 back and duly crowned as an heir-apparent. Dhanapala 55 confirms this. Again, at the end of the account of Munja, Merutunga expressly states that "the ministers in the 51.Tilakamanjari Intro.vss.40-42. 52. ibid vs.42 d: srimad vakpatiraja devanrpatih vakyatiraja bhumipatina 53.PCT.p.31. 54.ibid. 3 ; vs.43 d : ; vs. 53 : srimujjaina ksonibhrta-- 1 55.Tilakamanjari Intro. vs.43d: : (i.e. Bhoja) rajya'bhisiktah svayam ||

128 country of Malava, hearing that event, placed on the throne Bhoja, the son of Munja's brother"56 Ballala represents Sindhula to be the elder brother of Munja and holds 57 that the latter succeeded the former. But the Jain tradition unanimously holds Sindhula to be the younger brother of Munja. Padmagupta alias Parimala, the court-poet of Sindhuraja, who has immortalized the latter as the 58. / hero in his Nava-sahasanka Charita, confirms this. This is supported also 59 by the Udayapura Prasasti and by Dhanapala. Thus Merutunga's account referring to the incident of Sindhula being banished and Bhoja having succeeded Munja, though apparently at variance with the contemporary evidence, is not quite improbable. It is a fact that Munja gave only small pricipalities like Abu to his sons, while he crowned Bhoja as the crown-prince of the whole empire. This might lend support to Merutunga's account of Munja being a foundling, in which case Bhoja would 56.Prabandha Chintamani($JGM) 鈥�P鈥�25: artha malayamandale tad vrtantayedibhih sacivaistad bhratr- byo bhojanama rajye'bhisicyata| 57.Bhoja-prabandha of Ballala, Calcutta, 1917 p.1: 'adau dhararajya sindhulas to raja ciram prajah parya- palayat| rajya murajaya dattva tadutsa ko bhojamalama jam mumoca | 58. Nava-sahasanka Charita XI 98 : pura kalakramacena prasthitenambika pateh | maurvi- kinasrvatyasya prthvi dosina nivesita ||98|| 59.Epigraphies Indica Vol.I.pp.233-238%; Tilakamanjari Intro.vs.42: --- sri sindhurajo- 'bhavat | yasya sah, srimadvakpati rajadevanrpati viraganirajah || 4|| 60.History of Paramara Dynasty p.52; The Glory that was Gurjaradesha p.127.

129 naturally claim the regal right of succession, and that Munja,or his ministers, simply upheld Bhoja's right of heirdom to his ancestral throne of Malwa in pursuance of the arrangement made by Siyaka II just before his abdication. But at least five dynastic inscriptions stand to prove that Sindhuraja was the immediate successor of Vakpati II, thugh though no inscription of Sindhuraja's reign has yet been discovered. Our main source is the Nava-sahasanka Charita of Padmagupta whose main object is to record some of the incidents of Sindhuraja's life leading to his marriage with the Naga princess Sasiprabha. It represents, according to Dr.D.C.Ganguly, a solid historical fact in 61 the garb of romantic story. The historical background of this work is one of the Sindhuraja's adventureus expeditions against Manatunga, the king of Vajra, who was a constant enemy of the Bastar State, The latter, having failed to cope successfully with the Manas in the battle, turned to Sindhuraja for help. The Parmara king readily granted the request. During the fierce battle, Ramangada, the minister of Sindhuraja, lost his life at the hand of Mana prince, whom Sindhuraja finally slew and conqered Ratnavati. As a token of gratitude for 61.Nava-sahasanka Charita spilogue vs. 1 : etadvinidrakumudah yuti padmaguptah srisindhu- 414 A P rajanrpate dharita babandha ||sa ; also History of Paramara Dynasty p.69. d

130 his services, the Naga chief gave him his daughter in 62 marriage.. The literary activity which had fallen in abeyance owing to the death of Vakpatiraja, received fresh impetus under the encouraging attention of Sindhuraja. The old poets Dhanika and Dhanapala also seem to have adorned his court. Sindhuraja did not rule for long and he was 鈻� succeeded by his son Bhoja. Samaraketu, the hero of the sub-plot of Dhanapala's Tilakamanjari of Dhanapala, shares some of the characteristics of Sindhuraja in that he also is represented as having won the hand of Malayasundari, a princess of a king in South India, and he is portrayed as a very brave and dashing warrior.The capture of Samaraketu by the forces of Ayodhya in the Tilakamanjari of Dhanapala seems to reflect the historical incident of Vallabharaja's victory over Sindhuraja as recorded in the Vadnagar Prasasti. 64