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[Full title: The Two Meditations: Liberating Psychological States (5) Digambara Meditation: 艢耻产丑补肠补苍诲谤补 (11th c. CE)]

The Digambara 腻肠补谤测补 艢耻产丑补肠补苍诲谤补 (11^th c. CE) wrote the 闯帽腻苍腻谤峁嘺惫补, which offers a new model of four meditations:^[1]

(1) Meditation on the corporeal body (辫颈峁囜笉蝉迟丑补);
(2) Meditation on mantric syllables (padastha);
(3) Meditation on the forms of the arhat (谤奴辫补蝉迟丑补); and
(4) Meditation on the pure formless self (谤奴辫腻迟墨迟补).

This new formulation of meditation is introduced in Jainism under the early category of 诲丑补谤尘补-诲丑测腻苍补. However, 罢耻濒补蝉墨 and Mah膩praj帽a points out that this system of meditation existed previously in 艢补颈惫补 tantra cults and that 艢ubhacandara develops his four-fold scheme of meditation on the pattern of the 狈补惫补肠补办谤别艣惫补谤补-迟补苍迟谤补 (罢耻濒补蝉墨 and Mah膩praj帽a, 1969: 75-76). This text explains that 鈥渙ne who knows the right method, the four types of 辫颈峁囜笉补蝉迟丑补, padastha, 谤奴辫补蝉迟丑补 and 谤奴辫腻迟墨迟补, is accepted as guru鈥�.^[2] Further, they state that 鈥淸a] similar verse is present in the 骋耻谤耻-驳墨迟腻, which explains 鈥�辫颈峁囜笉补 as 办耻峁囜笉补濒颈苍墨, pada as 丑补峁却补 (i.e. the 箩墨惫补 or the self), 谤奴辫补 as 产颈峁卍耻 (energy) and 谤奴辫腻迟墨迟补 as 苍颈谤补帽箩补苍补 (pure soul)鈥�.^[3] Ohira also notes in 顿丑测腻苍补-stava (DhS) that the fourfold meditations discussed in the of 艢耻产丑补肠补苍诲谤补are present in earlier Hindu tantric texts such as Abhinavagupta鈥檚 罢补苍迟谤腻濒辞办补 (10.241). She shows that the 闯帽腻苍腻谤峁嘺惫补 (Ocean of knowledge) is also the name of a scriptural text of the 艢补颈惫补 Kaula lineage.^[4] This information was communicated to Ohira by A.N. Up膩dhy膩e (Ohira, 1973: 18).

艢ubhacandara in his yogic system mentions five concentrations (诲丑腻谤补峁嚹�) as a subtype of the 辫颈峁囜笉蝉迟丑补-诲丑测腻苍补, which is one of the four 诲丑测腻苍补. These 诲丑腻谤补峁嚹乻 are related to: the earth element (辫腻谤迟丑颈惫墨), the fire element (腻驳苍别测墨), the air element (艣惫补蝉补苍腻/ 尘腻谤耻迟墨), the water element (惫腻谤耻峁嚹�) and the fifth related to the non-material self (tattv谤奴辫补vat墨).^[5] However, earlier R膩masena mentions three 诲丑腻谤补峁嚹� in 罢补迟迟惫腻苍耻艣腻蝉补苍补尘 (Tattv膩nu艣膩sana, 183) but a detailed prosidure is not available. 艢耻产丑补肠补苍诲谤补 presented a complete chapter on these five 诲丑腻谤补峁嚹乻 (闯帽腻苍腻谤峁嘺惫补 37.3-28).^[6]

This new four-fold system of 诲丑测腻苍补 and 诲丑腻谤补峁嚹� shows the clear influence of the Hindu tantra tradition. Furthermore, the four virtues of 尘补颈迟谤墨 (friendship), pramoda (appreciation), 办补谤耻峁嚹� (compassion) and 尘腻诲丑测补蝉迟丑补 (indifference) are recognized as the sustainers of dharmya-诲丑测腻苍补 (J膧, 27.4).^[7]

艢耻产丑补肠补苍诲谤补 emphasises the necessity of various processes of breath control in addition to the development of the power of concentration. He prescribes withdrawal of the mind, along with withdrawal of the sense organs, from external objects and its retention at a place in the body, for instance, the forehead (see, jyoti-kendra in modern 辫谤别办峁Ｄ�-诲丑测腻苍补). A number of postures are prescribed in 艢耻产丑补肠补苍诲谤补鈥檚 闯帽腻苍腻谤峁嘺惫补. One should select the most suitable posture for one鈥檚 concentration. The most important condition of success in concentration, however, is not only a healthy body but also purity of the soul. One can attain the highest state of concentration in any posture provided one has the requisite strength i.e. physical and spiritual health.

艢耻产丑补肠补苍诲谤补 describes three states of the soul, viz. the exterior-self (产腻丑颈谤腻迟尘腻), the interior-self (补苍迟补谤腻迟尘腻) and the transcendental-self (辫补谤补尘腻迟尘腻). One should relinquish the exterior-self and concentrate upon the transcendental-self by means of the interior-self. The interior self involves concentration on the pure qualities of the soul and is meditation. 艢耻产丑补肠补苍诲谤补鈥檚 four types of meditation are incorporated and elucidated in the 驰辞驳补-艣腻蝉迟谤补 (Yoga-艣腻蝉迟谤补, 7.8) of Hemacandra.

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

闯帽腻苍腻谤峁嘺惫补 34.1. 辫颈峁囜笉补蝉迟丑补峁� ca 辫补诲补蝉迟丑补峁� ca 谤奴辫补蝉迟丑补峁� 谤奴辫补varj墨ta caturdh膩 诲丑测腻苍补m膩mn膩ta峁� bhavyar膩箩墨惫补bh膩skarai岣�.

[2]:

Mah膩praj帽a (1997: iii) quotes the 狈补惫补肠补办谤别艣惫补谤补迟补峁卼谤补 (7) and the 骋耻谤耻-驳墨迟腻 (10) regarding the four tantric meditations which are later incorporated into Jaina Yoga by 膧肠腻谤测补 艢耻产丑补肠补苍诲谤补 and Hemacadra. 辫颈峁囜笉补峁� 辫补诲补峁� 迟补迟丑腻 谤奴辫补峁�,谤奴辫腻迟墨迟补峁� 肠补迟耻峁ａ弓补测补尘. yo v膩 samyag vij膩n膩ti, sa guru parik墨rtita岣�.

[3]:

骋耻谤耻-驳墨迟腻,10 pi峁卍a峁� ku峁卍alin墨 艣补办迟颈岣�, 辫补诲补峁� 丑补峁却补岣� 辫谤补办墨谤迟颈迟补岣�. 谤奴辫补峁� 产颈峁卍耻r墨ti j帽eya峁�, 谤奴辫腻迟墨迟补峁� 苍颈谤补帽箩补苍补m.

[4]:

艢补颈惫补 Kaula lineage is a tantric school, also known as 鈥�siddha 迟谤补诲颈迟颈辞苍鈥�. 辫腻谤迟丑颈惫墨 sy膩ttath腻驳苍别测墨 艣vasan膩 v膩tha 惫腻谤耻峁嚹�. tattv谤奴辫补vat墨 ceti vij帽ey膩st膩 yath膩kramam.

[5]:

闯帽腻苍腻谤峁嘺惫补 37.3.

[6]:

See 罢补迟迟惫腻苍耻艣腻蝉补苍补尘, chapter 37 for detail description of five 诲丑腻谤补峁嚹�.

[7]:

J膧, 27.4. catasro 产丑腻惫补苍腻 诲丑补苍测腻岣� pur膩峁嘺puru峁Ｄ伵況it膩. maitry膩daya艣cira峁� cite dhyey膩 dharmasya sidhdaye.