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The general references in connection with the education of children indicate that the education was manifold. Instructions were imparted in the sastras, Vijnanas, Kalas and the Silpas. In support of the above the following general references can be quoted :Satthani sikkhaveum 11.65, savvasatthavisarao 25.3, nana vihai satthaim 97.22, bahusattha pandio 74.29; bahuvihavinnanaladdhamhappa 25.25, vinnanasipparahiya 3.112; sikkhanti kalagamam sayalam. 12.11, savvakalagama kusala 97.25, kalasu kusala 25.26, savvam kalagamagunam sikkhai 77.84, savva kalasu sahiyavijjo 18.56; sayam ca sippana uvaittham 3.114. The reference to Sastra is not necessarily to the sacred scriptures. It means also treatises on various secular subjects. Thus the Paumacariya mentions 'nayasattha (8-5)=nyayasastra. Further a Duta= envoy is stated to have learned various Sastras (39.39). Here Sastras denote treatises on polity. Sastras can be taken as works relating to arts and sciences also. The military science or archery is also called Isattha (25.24) or Isatthagama (77.83)-Isusastra. The following were the subjects which were studied in those days: Script, Grammar, Prosody (livisattham, saddalakkhanam, chandam 24. 6), Jinasasanasruti (Jinavarasasanammisuipunna 1. 19), Vedas (4. 80), Vedangas, Upangas (saugovange vee 82. 45), Aranyakas (11.10), Ramayana (2. 116), Bharata i. e. the great epic (105. 16), treatises on polity (nayasattha 8. 5) and Dhanurveda (12. 125; 25 18). The Jinasruti denotes the Jaina canonical literature which consists of 45 Agamas i. e. 12 Angas, 12 Upangas etc. There is a specific reference to the Purvas and Angas which were studied by the monks

EDUCATION AND ARCHITECTURE 407 (114. 23). The Vedas which are four in number are well-known as Rgveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda and Atharvaveda. The Vedangas are six in number. They are Siksa (phonetics). Kalpa (ritual), Vyakarana (grammar), Nirukta (exegesis), Chanda (metres) and Jyotis (astronomy). The Upangas are the supplementary or additional works such as the Puranas, the Nyaya, Mimamsa and the Dharmasastras². In connection with the education of Kaikeyi it is mentioned that she was educated and trained in Laukikajnana (loyam nanam 24. 8). It is also called as loiyasui (58 6) and loyasattha (2 107). As regards the popular learning (laukika sruta) the Anuyogadvarasutra and the Nandisutra mention the following works: Bharaha, Ramayana, Bhimasurukka, Kodillaya (Kautilya), Ghodayamuha (mentioned as a Arthasa stra and politician in the Kamasutra), Sagadibhaddiau, Kappasia, Nagasuhuma, Kanagasattari (according to H. R Kapadia it is the same as Sankhyakarika of Isvarakrsna), Vesiya, Vaisesiya, Buddhasasana, Kavila, Logayata, Satthiyanta, Madhara, Purana, Vagarana, Nadaga, seventy two arts, four Vedas with Angas and Upangas. The Nandisutra adds to them Terasiya, Bhagava, Payanjali and Pussadeva.4 => The references to Akkhana Akhyana (48. 77), Jinindaniggan thakaha (32. 97), Dhammakaha (96. 10), Parihasakaha (74. 20) and Gandhavvakaha (53.20) denote the existence of narrative literature of various kinds. Some sciences and arts which have been specifically mentioned in the Paumacariya (24.5-8). are :- Sciences Writing and Scripts (livisattham), Military science Arithmetic (Ganiyam), (Dhanuvveda or Isattha already mentioned). Astronomy and Astrology, Medical science, Domestic sciences such as Cooking (Bhoyanavihi), the science of Prognostication (Nimittam or Atthanganimitta (7.80) which included eight branches relating to dreams, various colours and earthquake, portentous phenomena, dreams, forms of the sky, movement of limbs, voice of the birds, marks of the body and signs of distinction 6) and the sciences of dintinguishing 1. See Pradipa Tika on Patanjala Mahabhagya by Kaiyata-Ahnika I, p. 25 (Nirnayasagara press-1951). 2. A Sanskrit English Dictionary by Sir Monier Monier-Williams., p. 213. See also Nandi Sutra with Malayagiri's commentary 42; Anuyogadvara Sutra, Su, 41. Vide p. 29 of the Canonical literature of the Jainas by H. R. Kapadia. 3. Asurakkha in the Mulacara at 5. 60. 4. Vide Life in Ancient India, p. 171. 5. The reference to Vaidyas is enough to establish that medical science was studied (see the section-Diseases and their cure). 6. See Sihananga, 8.608 and Tiloyapannatti, 4,1002-1016.

408 A CRITICAL STUDY OF PAUMACARIYAM gems, flowers, elephants and horses (rayanavisesam kusumavisesam, gayaturayalakkhanam). There is a reference to the Garudasastra (15.45-48). It dealt with charms against snake bites. Arts Dressing and ornamentation (Aharanavihi), Music, Dance and Drama (Gandhavvam, Nattam and Nadaya); Drawing, Painting. Plastering (Alekkham, leppamayam) and Sculpture; Architecture; Perfumery and Modelling of leaves (Gandhajjutti and Pattacchejjam). Further general statements are made about other Kalas (annasu kalasu 24.8). The Kalpasutra refers to 72 and 64 subjects of learning or arts for men and women respectively.