The 厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻: The Earliest Surviving Tantra on Sun-Worship
Journal name: Acta Orientalia
Original article title: The 厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻: The Earliest Surviving Tantra on Sun-Worship
ACTA ORIENTALIA is a journal focused on the study of Oriental languages, history, archaeology, and religions from ancient times to the present. The journal includes articles reviewed by a senior scholar in the relevant field.
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Diwakar Acharya
Acta Orientalia:
(Founded in 1922 and published annually)
Full text available for: The 厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻: The Earliest Surviving Tantra on Sun-Worship
Year: 2020 | Doi: 10.5617/ao.9393
Copyright (license): CC BY 4.0
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Summary of article contents:
1) Introduction
The 厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻 is a significant ancient Sanskrit text focused on the worship of the Sun, preserving insights into the Tantric traditions surrounding solar deities and their affiliation with the god 艢颈惫补. Identified as one of the earliest surviving Tantras, this manuscript dates back to 949 CE and reflects an intricate fusion of Buddhist and 艢补颈惫补 elements. Through discussions and various teachings, the text aims to explicate the ritual practices associated with Sun worship, emphasizing the strong theological connections between the Sun god (膧诲颈迟测补) and 艢颈惫补, amongst others.
2) The Identity of 膧诲颈迟测补
One of the central themes in the 厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻 is the identity and exaltation of 膧诲颈迟测补, the Sun god. The text posits that 膧诲颈迟测补 is the first amongst all deities and is fundamentally linked to the cosmic order, serving as a primordial source of light and energy. According to chapters in the text, 膧诲颈迟测补's creation stems from the fusion of 艢颈惫补's divine energy, characterizing him not merely as a solar entity but as an extension of the divine itself. Throughout the worship rituals outlined in the text, 膧诲颈迟测补 is described as the all-seeing eye of the cosmos, upholding the duality of existence鈥攊lluminating both the visible and the metaphysical realms.
3) Ritual Practices and Ancillary Elements
The 厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻 delves into various ritualistic practices integral to Sun worship. The text outlines a structured ritual system that includes mantras, visualizations, and specific offerings. Central to these rituals is the drawing of a 尘补峁囜笉补濒补, where specific seating deities are positioned to facilitate the worship of the Sun and other celestial bodies. The text emphasizes the importance of using the khakholka-mantra and other specific prayer offerings, underscoring the meticulous procedures that practitioners must follow in their devotion to ensure efficacy and divine connection.
4) Integration of Solar Worship in Broader Traditions
Moreover, the 厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻 showcases how solar worship, particularly in the context of 艢颈惫补, has transcended regional boundaries. The continued worship practices observed in Bali reflect an amalgamation of Indic traditions and local cults, signifying the adaptability and longevity of these beliefs. L茅vi's research into Balinese rituals reveals a syncretic practice that reinforces the conceptual link between 艢颈惫补 and the Sun, maintaining the cult's relevance even centuries after its initial flourish in South Asia. This adaptability indicates the enduring nature of these spiritual interpretations across cultures.
5) Conclusion
In conclusion, the 厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻 stands as a monumental work that preserves the ancient traditions of Sun worship, illustrating the deep theological connections between the Sun god and 艢颈惫补. Through its structured rituals, emphatic concepts of divine identity, and resilient cultural adaptations in regions like Bali, the text elucidates how solar worship has persisted and transformed over time. The insights provided by the 厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻 serve not only to document religious practices but also to underscore the interconnectedness of spiritual traditions across different historical contexts.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
Who are the editors of ACTA ORIENTALIA?
The editors of ACTA ORIENTALIA include prominent scholars from various countries, such as Diwakar Acharya from Oxford, Shrikant Bahulkar from Pune, George Cardona from Pennsylvania, and many others from institutions globally.
What does the 厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻 focus on?
The 厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻 is the earliest surviving Tantra text on Sun worship, emphasizing rituals and spiritual practices that connect the Sun god with 艢颈惫补, teaching a method of worship and the significance of various mantras.
What historical significance does the 厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻 hold?
The 厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻, dated around 949 CE, represents an important text in understanding the link between ancient Indian religious practices and the sun god's identity with 艢颈惫补 in the ritualistic context.
What themes are explored in the 厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻?
The text discusses themes such as the supremacy of the Sun god, rituals for worship, visualization techniques, and the relationship between the Sun, 艢颈惫补, and associated deities in conjunction with various mantras.
How does the 厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻 relate to Balinese traditions?
The 厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻 has influenced Balinese rituals, particularly through the Vedaparikrama, where the worship of the Sun god as a combined deity of 艢颈惫补 continues to be practiced, highlighting transnational religious connections.
What types of studies and articles are included in this volume?
This volume features various studies and articles addressing topics such as Sanskrit philology, textual studies between Sanskrit and Chinese, and reflections on historical and contemporary religious practices across Asia.
Glossary definitions and references:
Oriental and Historical glossary list for 鈥淭he 厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻: The Earliest Surviving Tantra on Sun-Worship鈥�. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of History, Linguistics, Religion, Philosophy, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism etc.
1) Saurasamhita (Saura-samhita):
The *厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻* is an ancient Tantra text that focuses on Sun worship, emphasizing the unity of the Sun god and 艢颈惫补. It is preserved in Nepalese manuscripts and integrates 艢补颈惫补 elements into solar worship.
2) Mantra (Mamtra):
A *mantra* is a sacred utterance, sound, or group of words believed to have spiritual power. In the *厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻*, mantras play a crucial role in rituals, such as the Kha峁lka mantra used for solar worship and various *b墨jamantras* for different deities.
3) Shiva (Siva):
艢颈惫补 is one of the principal deities in Hinduism, often associated with creation and destruction. The *厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻* promotes the identification of the Sun god with 艢颈惫补, thus intertwining solar worship with 艢补颈惫补 traditions.
4) Worship:
Worship involves acts of devotion towards a deity. In the *厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻*, worship practices are elaborately described, including rituals for the Sun god and integrating elements from 艢补颈惫补 traditions.
5) Sanskrit:
Sanskrit is the ancient Indic language in which the *厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻* and other sacred texts are written. It holds significant importance in the preservation and transmission of religious and philosophical literature.
6) Shaiva (Saiva):
Relating to 艢颈惫补, the *艢补颈惫补* traditions include various texts and practices that worship 艢颈惫补 as the supreme deity. The *厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻* aligns with 艢补颈惫补 traditions by promoting the Sun god's identification with 艢颈惫补.
7) Nama (Naman, N茫man):
[see source text or glossary: Nama]
8) Kurmapurana (Kurma-purana):
[see source text or glossary: 碍奴谤尘补-辫耻谤腻峁嘺]
9) Skanda (Skamda):
Skanda, also known as K膩rttikeya, is the son of 艢颈惫补 and is a key figure in the dialogue within the *厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻*. He represents martial prowess and divine leadership.
10) Cult:
A *cult* refers to a system of religious worship or rituals directed towards a specific deity. The *厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻* documents a cult that merges solar worship with 艢补颈惫补 elements.
11) Aditya:
In the *厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻*, 膧诲颈迟测补 is the Sun god who is exalted for his power and divine qualities, identified closely with 艢颈惫补, and plays a vital role in the texts' rituals.
12) Surya (Shurya):
厂奴谤测补 is the Sun deity in Hinduism, central to the sun-worship rituals described in the *厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻* and other texts, such as the *Vedas* and *笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉*.
13) India:
[see source text or glossary: India]
14) Deity (Deities):
[see source text or glossary: Deities]
15) Sun-worship:
Sun-worship involves religious rites dedicated to the Sun god. The *厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻* is the earliest known Tantra that details elaborate sun-worship rituals.
16) Rudra:
Rudra is a form of 艢颈惫补 associated with storms and hunting. He is mentioned in the *厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻* and other texts like the *K奴rmapur膩峁嘺* that promote the identity of the Sun god with 艢颈惫补.
17) Svaha:
*厂惫腻丑腻* is often uttered at the end of mantras during fire sacrifices, symbolizing an offering to the deities. It is used in the *厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻*鈥檚 ritual practices.
18) Gupta:
[see source text or glossary: Gupta]
19) Namas:
[see source text or glossary: Namas]
20) Bali:
Bali is a location where the combined worship of 艢颈惫补 and Surya (Sun god) continues, reflecting practices described in the *厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻*.
21) Identity:
[see source text or glossary: Identity]
22) Tantra (Tamtra, Tantrism):
Tantrism involves esoteric rituals and philosophies. The *厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻* is a text within this tradition, focusing on rituals for worshipping the Sun god mixed with 艢补颈惫补 elements.
23) Temple:
[see source text or glossary: Temple]
24) Image:
[see source text or glossary: Image]
25) Nepal:
Nepal is significant as the location of the preserved manuscript of the *厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻*, which is stored in the National Archives in Kathmandu.
26) Fire:
Fire plays a crucial role in *厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻* rituals, particularly in fire sacrifices (yajnas) that include offerings and mantra recitations.
27) Transmission:
Transmission refers to how texts and traditions are passed down through generations. The *厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻* was transcribed and preserved in Nepal, demonstrating the transmission of sun-worship practices.
28) Mulamantra (Mula-mantra, Mulamamtra):
The *尘奴濒补尘补苍迟谤补* in the *厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻* is *hr膩峁� hr墨峁� sa岣�*, a fundamental mantra used for cultivating spiritual power and ritualistic purposes.
29) Mandala (Mamdala):
A *尘补峁囜笉补濒补* is a geometric configuration of symbols used in religious rituals. The *厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻* describes drawing a lotus 尘补峁囜笉补濒补 for Sun worship.
30) Shaivism (Saivism):
*艢补颈惫颈蝉尘* is the worship of 艢颈惫补 and integrating 艢补颈惫补 philosophies. The *厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻* is part of 艢补颈惫补 tradition, blending the Sun god's rites with 艢颈惫补 worship.
31) Brahman:
[see source text or glossary: Brahman]
32) Sayana (Shayana):
[see source text or glossary: 厂腻测补峁嘺]
33) Indian:
[see source text or glossary: Indian]
34) Praise:
[see source text or glossary: Praise]
35) Canda (Camda, Camdama):
颁补峁囜笉补 is a deity who receives the remainder of worship (nirm膩lya) at the end of rituals. The *厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻* includes a solar version of this deity, known as Teja艣ca峁囜笉a.
36) Heart:
*Hridaya* means heart and symbolizes the core of spiritual mantras. The *厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻* mentions the Kha峁lka mantra as the 'heart' of its rituals.
37) Veda:
Vedic refers to texts or rituals derived from the Vedas, ancient Indian scriptures. The *厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻* incorporates Vedic elements in its sun-worship rituals.
38) King:
[see source text or glossary: King]
39) Taittiriya (Taittariya):
*罢补颈迟迟颈谤墨测补* refers to the *罢补颈迟迟颈谤墨测补 膧谤补峁噛补办补*, a Vedic text that also contains references to sun worship. The *厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻* might be influenced by these Vedic traditions.
40) Bijamantra (Bija-mantra, Bijamamtra):
*叠墨箩补尘补苍迟谤补* are seed syllables with spiritual significance. The *厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻* uses various b墨jamantras for deities like the Sun god and other grahas.
41) Kathmandu:
Kathmandu hosts the National Archives where the palm-leaf manuscript of the *厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻* is preserved, signifying its importance in the Indo-Nepal transmission of sacred texts.
42) Maheshvara (Mahesvara, Maha-ishvara):
惭补丑别艣惫补谤补 is another name for 艢颈惫补. In the *厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻*, he engages in a dialogue with his son, Skanda, detailing Sun-worship rituals.
43) Virupaksha (Virupaksa, Virupa-aksha):
[see source text or glossary: 痴颈谤奴辫腻办峁]
44) Sacrifice:
Sacrifice, often a fire ritual, involves offerings to deities along with mantra recitations. The *厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻* integrates sun-worship into its sacrificial rites.
45) Aranyaka:
[see source text or glossary: 膧谤补峁噛补办补]
46) Calcutta:
[see source text or glossary: Calcutta]
47) Chariot:
[see source text or glossary: Chariot]
48) Purana:
笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 are ancient Hindu texts that narrate the history of the universe and legends of deities. The *厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻* shares themes with Pur膩峁噄c literature, especially in solar worship and 艢颈惫补's supremacy.
49) Hridaya (Hrdaya):
贬峁沝补测补 means heart, both literally and symbolically. In the *厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻*, the Kha峁lka mantra is identified as the heart of its rituals.
50) Grahas:
Grahas are celestial bodies in Hindu astrology. The *厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻* includes rituals that involve worshipping the Sun god along with other grahas.
51) Gold (Golden):
[see source text or glossary: Golden]
52) Indra (Imdra):
[see source text or glossary: Indra]
53) Graha:
[see source text or glossary: Graha]
54) Vishva (Visva, Vishvasa):
[see source text or glossary: 痴颈艣惫补]
55) China:
[see source text or glossary: China]
56) Lotus:
Lotus often symbolizes purity and enlightenment in Indian traditions. The *厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻* describes drawing a lotus 尘补峁囜笉补濒补 for certain rituals.
57) Yoga:
Yoga signifies a spiritual practice aimed at achieving union with the divine. The *厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻* includes a relatively simple system of yoga integrated into its sun-worship rituals.
58) Kham (khams, Khaam):
[see source text or glossary: 碍丑补峁�]
59) Visualization:
Visualization involves creating mental images of deities and their attributes. The *厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻* guides practitioners on visualizing the Sun god and other heavenly bodies.
60) Vyavasthita:
[see source text or glossary: Vyavasthita]
61) Prabhavati:
In the *厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻*, 笔谤补产丑腻惫补迟墨 is venerated as the consort of the Sun god during fire sacrifices, denoting her significance in sun worship rituals.
62) Madhyastha (Madhya-stha):
[see source text or glossary: Madhyastha]
63) Jitendriya (Jita-indriya, Jitemdriya):
[see source text or glossary: Jitendriya]
64) Candeshvara (Candesvara, Canda-ishvara):
[see source text or glossary: 颁补峁囜笉别艣惫补谤补]
65) Bhurbhuva (Bhur-bhuva):
[see source text or glossary: 叠丑奴谤-产丑耻惫补]
66) Raktavarna (Rakta-varna):
搁补办迟补惫补谤峁嚹� means red-colored, referring to the deities described in the *厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻* that are visualized within rituals as having red hues.
67) Siddhanta (Siddha-anta, Siddhamta):
厂颈诲诲丑腻苍迟补 refers to established doctrines, particularly in the context of 艢补颈惫颈蝉尘. The *厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻* aligns with 艢补颈惫补 厂颈诲诲丑腻苍迟补 by integrating sun worship into its rituals.
68) Ekavaktra (Eka-vaktra):
[see source text or glossary: Ekavaktra]
69) Palm-leaf:
Palm-leaf manuscripts are traditional storage media for ancient texts. The *厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻* exists as a palm-leaf manuscript, crucial for its historical transmission.
70) Scripture:
Scripture refers to sacred writings. The *厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻* is a key scripture within 艢补颈惫补 and solar worship traditions.
71) Licchavi:
[see source text or glossary: Licchavi]
72) Bhaskara:
[see source text or glossary: 叠丑腻蝉办补谤补]
73) Pashupati (Pasupati, Pashu-pati):
[see source text or glossary: 笔补艣耻辫补迟颈]
74) Nirmalya:
狈颈谤尘腻濒测补 is the remainder of worship offerings. In the *厂补耻谤补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻*, the solar version of the deity 颁补峁囜笉补, known as Teja艣ca峁囜笉a, receives the nirm膩lya.
75) Prabhuta:
[see source text or glossary: 笔谤补产丑奴迟腻]
[Note: The above list is limited to 75. Total glossary definitions available: 120]