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VISAYAS 731 Abhira Capital Vacchagumma. When Vasudeva visited the capital he saw Maharatta and Abhira ladies [Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa,II.207b]. Vasudeva was kidnapped by the minister of king Ayalaraya, who was ruling the Abira visaya [Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa,II.206-07]. Abhira country mentioned in the Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa was connected with ancient Maharastra is clear from another piece of information. The capital city of Abhira, which was Vaccagumma (Skt. Vatsagulma) is referred to as Maharattanagara [Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa,II. 228a]. h L Varahamihira, in his enumeration of the countries, places the Abhiras in the South-West and calls them 'Southern People' [Brhat Samhita, 14.12,18]. In the tradition as represented in the Brhatkathakosa [P.89] Abhira country is said to have been situated in the Daksinapatha and to have a city by name Tera. Inscription of a certain Abhira king by name Isvaradeva is available from Nasik. The inscription, on palaegraphic grounds, has been dated to the beginning of the third century A.D. [See Bhandarkar, R.G., Vaishnavism, TH. 37]. Reference to Samudragupta subjugating the Abhiras along with others is made in the Prasasti [Fleet, op.cit., etc., P.8(1.22)]. Ukkala : Referred to in the story of Carudatta of the

732 Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa On his way to Tamalitti, from a border village called Samvaha in the janavaya of Campa, Vasudeva visited the UkkalaVisaya. From Samvaha he took cotton and cottonthread. He added to it some cartfuls of cotton from Ukkala and went to Tamalitti [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 145]. In the Raghuvamsa [IV.38] Utkala is described to be situated between Vanga and Kalinga. Upadhyay [India in Kalidasa. P. 51] places Utkala to the north of Kalinga. According to him the word Utkala should be derived from the word 'Utkalinga', i.e. 'north of Kalinga'. Utkala Visaya has been referred to in the inscription of king Narasimha I, and according to law [HGAI, P.197] it comprised the region around modern Puri and Bhuvaneshwar in Orissa. Kalimga : This visaya was one of the main sources of diamonds [Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II.150a], Veruliya jewels [Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa,II.154a], and elephants of good breed [Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II.205b]. Best diamonds have been a tradition in Kalinga [Arthasastra, quoted by Motichandra, Sarthavaha, P.215] - 鈥� These were probably exported to Rome in the time of Ptolemy [See Motichandra, Sarthavaha, P. 128]. Elephants from Kalinga were famous from the times of the Mahabharata [Motichandra, Geographical and Economic, etc., p. 113-14]

733 Komkana : Sopparaya was a city in this visaya [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 284]. Sopparaya is modern Sopara in Thana Dist. near Bombay. According to the Jaina tradition it was of the non-Aryan countries [Jain, op. cit., P.299-300]. In the Puranas Surparaka by itself appears as a janapada [See Sircar, op. cit., P. 31]. Cei: Capital Suttimati. King Vasu, known as Vasu Uparicara in the Puranic tradition, was the king of this country [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 189-90]. In this country, pestilence (mari) had played havoc and Brahmins of the country appeased the pestilence by performing sacrifices, because of which they were referred to as Samtikara i.e. appeasers. [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 192]. According to the Jaina tradition, it was one of the twenty-five and a half Aryan countries at the time of Samprati. [See Motichandra, Sarthavaha, P.75]. In the 'Tortoise Geography' this is described to be in the South-East and in the right foot of the tortoise [ Shafer, top. cit., P. 133] identifies it with the region around Banda on the river Ken and in his map places Cedi close to the South-West of Vatsa country. Javana: The kingdoms of Kosambi and Mathura had diplomatic relations with the Javana Visaya (Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 38,292]

734 a The king of Mathura is said to have received a golden anklet as a present from the king of Javana country [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 296]. Kokkasa, a son of a carpenter (Kottka, a, or Sippiya) had a chance to visit Javana Visaya along with a trader from the city of Tamalitti. During his short stay in this country, he learnt the art of carpentry, air especially fashioning art-ships [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 62]. The ambassador who visited the city of Kosambi informs his host that in his country the blood of a young horse of good breed was used as an antidote for leprosy [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 38]. Javana Visaya has been said to be one of the sources of Marakata jewels [Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II.153a]. According to Motichandra [Sarthavaha, P.272] the jewels mines in Yavana country referred to in ancient those in books on jewels, can be identified with, Gabel Jabarah desert on the short of the Eurethrean Sea. Takkhasila-visaya : Bahubali, son of Usabha Sami, was ruling the cities of Hatthinaura and Takkhasfla. Bharaha, in order to establish his military superiority over his brother, started towards the Takkhasila-Visaya [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 186-87]. This might have been the district around the city of Taxila. Tamalitti visaya : In the story of Mahesaradatta, it is

related that his father Samudda became a buffalo in the district (visaya) around the city of Tamalitti [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 14]. This can be identified with the region surrounding modern Tamluk, in Bengal. 735 Pamduvada: The visaya has been described as a source of pearls from shells [Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II.150b] and those acquired from Bamboos (ibid., II.152a]. Motichandra identifies this source of pearls with the region around Madurai [Sarthavaha, P. 275]. Magaha : Jambusami was a resident of Rayagiha and was, it is described, virtually an ornament of the Magaha Visaya [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 3]. See Magadha janapada. Matamga: One of the sources of Vajja jewels. [Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II.150]. Motichandra identifies the mines in Matanga Visaya with those around Golkonda [Sarthavaha, P. 215] in Andhra. Simdhu : Kanha Vasudeva married princess Gori of this kingdom. The king Meru of this visaya ruled at the city of Viibhaya [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 78]. One of the twenty-five and a half Aryan countries at the time of Samprati [Motichandra, Sarthavaha, TH. 75].

736 Surattha: Cities Pabhasa [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 79] and Girinagara [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 50] are said to have been situated in the Surattha Visaya. Samba, one of the sons of Kanha Vasudeva, when expelled from the city of Baravai, moved alone in the Surattha Visaya [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 108]. the It may be identified with region around modern Junagadh [See Girinagara]. Surasena: Kamsa was ruling this country (Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 366]. The capital of this Visaya was Mahura or Mahuripuri [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 368]. It is the region around modern Mathura.