365bet娱乐

Use of jewels of five colours (pamcavannamani-rayana, pamcarayana) was prevalent. 12 The various jewels brought in use were Surapatinila or Surarayanila or Rattuppalamani (i.e. (i.e. Indranila); Kamalaraya 14 Padmaragamani); Nilamani; 116; Paumaravinda 17; Pulaya 18; Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa 1. ibid., 4, 160, 190. 3. Ibid., 327, 347. 2. Ibid., 226. 4. Ibid., 164%;B See also the Section on 'Ornaments'. 6. Ibid., 279. 5. Ibid., 67. 7. Ibid., 159. 8. Ibid., 178. 9. Ibid., 180. 10. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 157. 11. Ibid., 4掳 12. Ibid., 180. 13. Ibid., 268. 15. Ibid., 328. 14. Ibid., 16. Ibid., 347. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 347. 17. Probably the same as Paumaraya. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 18. Ibid., 13

391 363 6 Phaliha¹; Maragata 2 or Harita³; Ritthamani which was black in colour 43 Lohiyakkha 5%; Veruliya ; and Sasikamta 7. Coral (Vidduma掳) was also in vogue. Imitations of jewels in glass (kachmani), though circulated by the traders could be detected by persons proficient in judging the qualities of various jewels. The Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa has something more to offer in this respect. There is a long extract on jewels in this book. Vasudeva, after defeating Mandaravega, takes charge of his treasury. In the boxes brought before Vasudeva, Amsumanta sees various types of jewels. At Amsumamta's request, Vasudeva provides him with information on this subject 10. Mani and Rayana : At the outset only, Vasudeva makes subtle differentiation between manis and rayanas. According to him the term mani is applied to all precious stones; while the term rayana has a very general connotation. It vh(P) 1. ibid, 2,123,190,347. 3. Ibid., 136. 5. Ibid., 7. Ibid., 347. 9. Ibid., 167. 2. Ibid., 160, 347. 4. Ibid., 268. 6. Ibid., 165,274,327,340,347. 8. Ibid., 10. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa,II.149b-154b.

392 384 includes metals like gold (hema), silver (ruppa), copper (tamba), lead (taua) and samkaloha and precious objects like camphor, musk and saffron. Vasudeva further explains that any matter obtained from organic beings like human beings, animals, and plants which has some exceptional qualities is entitled to be called a rayana a 1. Types of Manis : The list of manis given by Vasudeva comprises the following precious stones : i) Amkariddha, ii) Amjana, iii) Amianapulaka, iv) Imdanila, v) Kakkedana, vi) Gallana, vii) Gomedaga, viii) Camdakamta, ix) Jalakamta, x) Jotirasa, xi) Paumaraga, xii) Pulaga, xiii) Passaraga, xiv) Phaliu, xv) Bambhamani, xvi) Maragada, xvii) Mahanila, xviii) Mutta, xix) Rayavatta xx) Lohitakkha, xxi) Vaira, xxii) Vimalaga, xxiii)Vidduma, xxiv) Veruliu, xxv) Samkkha, xxvi) Sassakamta xxvii) Surakamta, xxviii) Sogamdheu and xxix) Hamsagabba. have Of these, seven precious stones, viz. Vaira, Mutta, Paumaraga, Maragaya, Kakkedana, Pulaga, and Veruliya, been dealt with in details in the discourse on jewels by In the sections of these various precious stones, Vasudeva. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa 1. ibid., II.149b.

393 385 information pertaining to the various find-spots (agara), sources (uppatti), auspicious (salakkhana) and inauspicious (apasattha) varieties of particular jewels, good and bad results (guna-dosa) of wearing a jewel, testing (pariccha) evaluation (mulla) and classification of jewels according to colour has been given. Testing a precious stone : A common test to judge the genuineness of a precious stone, in case there is a doubt, was that the jewel was put in hot salty water mixed with the oil of wood-apple and then rubbed with husk¹. The other method was to put the jewel in water mixed with milk (or water and milk). In such a liquid a real jewel shines with its own colour and lustre. Evaluation : While giving information about Vaira, Vasudeva tells that a diamond should be evaluated with the 'rice method 12. 鈥� This method has been explained in other books on jewels. The Agastya samhita states that if a diamond 1. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II.150a, 154b; cf. Ratnapariksa (P.11) sts.45-46. 2. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II.150a.

3949 386 of the weight of twenty grains of rice floats on water it should be adjudged as the best¹. The Ratnapariksa says that such a diamond should be valued as worth rupees two lakhs 2. 鈥� Classifying jewels : Traditionally the jewels have been classified into various groups, according to their colour. The colour of the jewel was associated further with the presiding deity of that jewel. Diamond has been classified into six types on such a basis. A diamond of white colour was called mahimda (mahendra); of red colour like that of a kaniyara flower, varuna; of deep red colour, Vayavva; of tawny colour and of the shape of Simghadaya, aggeya; of green colour like that of a leaf of a bamboo tree, Venhava; and blue-black like a bee, and of the shape of the mouth of a big serpent, Jamma ³. Attempts to classify pearls and Veruliyas on the basis of colour and deities have also been done in the Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa 4. 1. P. 21, line 10. 2. P. 5. St. 35. 3. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II.149b; cf. also Agastyasamhita, P.5,ls 25-28. 4. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II.151a, 153b.

Diamonds : 395 387 Classification of diamonds into four classes according to the shades has been referred to in the Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa Such a classification was done from the point of view of the person who was to wear that particular jewel. Certain shades were supposed to be auspicious for certain classes. A white diamond was auspicious for the gods, S red for the khattiyas, yellow for the vesas and black for of the colour of Sirisa flower for the rest of the people¹. Pearls: b 2 After giving the details of diamonds, the Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa dwells upon pearls. According to the tradition, there were eight types of 'pearls', those acquired from shells forming a part. 'Pearls' could be had also from serpents, elephants, Bamboo, sea-animals, clouds, boars and couches. In this connection with the pearls it is said that as diamonds were to be measured with grains of rice, the pearls were to be weighed with Gumja berries (Arbus Precatorious). The pearl from the head of a serpent is 1. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II.150a%; for similar information cf. Ratnadipika Sts. 44, 48, 49; and Ratnapariksa (P.4) St.23. 2. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II.150b-15lb.

396 388 of described to be, bluish colour (anila) 1. The Paumaragas L are described to be mainly of three varieties viz. Sogamdhiya, Phaliyamani and Kuruvimda. In these also, at least twelve different shades of colours have been described ². Paumaraga was generally set in golden ornaments ³. Garula, Kaya, Pupphaga, Pakkhamiu (?), Kidapakkha and Surapadippiya were the six varieties of Magaraya Of these, Garula, Kidapakkha and Surapadippiya were supposed to be most auspicious 4. Four varieties of Pulaga, viz., Galla, Amkapulaga, Kadali and Masara were of the colour of honey, bee, fire and moon; while the fifth variety Tarakapulaga was of twilight-red colour 5. Veruliya was of dark blue hue like that of the leaf of a lotus plant, or green like plantain tree, or red like a new sprout 6.