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In this form of marriage the bride and the bridegroom falling in love with each other, marry secretly. The examples of this category given in the Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa -2 are of Dhammilla and Mehamala 2, Dhammilla and Vimalasena³, and Vasudeva and Piyamgusumdari 4. Of these, Dhammilla was a son of a trader (satthavaha) and the rest were from the khattiya class. 1. Vasudevahindi(F), 73. 2. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa,73. 3. Ibid. 64-65. 4. Ibid., 307-08.

171 In this form of marriage no religions rites were performed 1. The only formality observed by m Dhammilla before consummation of the marriage was that he bowed down to the gods and accepted the bride's right hand². The parents of the brides were informed later on³, who sometimes performed later on a regular marriage ceremony 4, probably to ensure social sanction 5. The Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa also describes the example of a Vidyadhara princess who elopes with Vasudeva against the will of her relatives. Afterwards she had no access to her parents' house 6. Still another example shows how there was no need of performing any rites 6a before consummation in a gandharva marriage ba 1. See Mehta, op. cit., p.282. However, according to Vatsyayana, the couple goes round thrice the sacred fire brought from the house of a srotriya so that the marriage may be not be anulled by the parents and relatives. Agni was supposed to be the sacred witness. Quoted from the HCIP, Vol.III, p.561. 2. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 64-65. 3. Ibid., 74. 307-08. 4. Rayanuruvam kallanam me kayam naravatina Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa,308. 5. Devala says that the higher castes should perform regular marriage ceremonies after the Gandharva, Paisaca and Raksasa forms of marriage; Chakladar, Social Life in Ancient India,p.101. 6. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa,II.235a. 6a. Ibid., II.24a.