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Lexicography is one of the important field of study in Sanskrit. The origin of lexicon can be traced to the Vedanga Niruktam. The nirukta is separated from the Kosa's or dictionaries by an apparently wide gulf, that has partly been filled with the development of various branches of the science of grammar. To the grammatical literature belong the Dhatupatha, Unadisutra Ganapatha and Linganusasana. 18 A compilation of the Nighantu is the earliest attempt on Sanskrit lexicography. The words in the Nighantu are arranged according to specific groups and this arrangement is generally found in later lexicons. Nighantu can be regarded as the starting point in the creation of later Sanskrit works in lexicography. Yaska's Nirukta is a running commentary on the Nighantu that gives the etymology of word occurring in the text and tries to derive all words from original root. Mainly two types of Kosas are available in Sanskrit. They are synonymous (subject matter) are testing of words with the same meaning and homonymous are with the different meaning. Important synonymous dictionaries have a homonymous section also. Neither of them follows

282 alphabetical order. Synonymical dictionaries have systematically arranged collections of words that have one and the same meaning. They are arranged according to the subject matter and have the appearance of a real encyclopedia. Several dictionaries give not only the meaning but also the gender of the words an appendix. So they are called Namanusasana and Linganusasana at the same time. The most difficult exercise which the student has to go through, while studying Sanskrit grammar is the conjugation of verbs, Sanskrit grammar and particularity, the portion of 'Dhaturupa' is so difficult and the rules referring to it rare so intricate and vague. A student in order to arrive at the correct forms, needs guidance by some one. In the ancient period teachers used to teach their students 'Amarakosa' by heart. So they can learn Sanskrit Kavyas very easily. Without any help of the book they recited at least some portion of the kosa and also learned 'Anta linga vibhakti vacanani'. In the modern dictionaries words are arranged in the alphabetical order. So the students can cheque the difficult words and other meaning very easily. These modern dictionaries also divided into Sanskrit-English dictionary, English- Sanskrit dictionary and Sanskrit-Malayalam dictionary. Arrangements of the kosas are entirely different from the latest dictionaries. They arranged the words and synonymous words in a verses

283 and classified the words into vargas or related groups. So those who learned the word 'Raja' also understand the synonyms of King like Mannavah Nrpah etc.. The verse form helps to mamorize the synonyms. with their gender specifications. A number of Sanskrit Kosas and dictionaries are available in Kerala. Most of the students, scholars and layman depend SanskritMalayalam and Sanskrit English dictionaries in addition to the traditional kosas. Among these the dictionaries listed below are mostly used by the informal learners of Sanskrit. 1. Amarakosa of Amarasimha translated into Malayalam by Vacaspati 2. T. C. Parameswaran Moosad, known as Amaram Parameswari published by Sahitya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society, Kottayam. In Kerala the first Sanskrit -Malayalam Nighandu was written in the year of 1996 by Kanippayyur Sankaran Nambutiripad published by Panchangam Press, Kunnamkulam. It is an eminent work in the field of Sanskrit-Malayalam Dictionary, printed in Malayalam Series, follows the alphabetical order for the arrangement of words. Most of the students and scholars use this dictionary the reference. Along with the field of Sanskrit education, the other Sanskrit related

284 3. 4. fields like Kutiyattam dance etc.. also make use of the book. So this is an important source material in the field of informal Sanskrit education in Kerala. The another important Sanskrit -Malayalam dictionary is written by E. P. Narayana Bhattathiri, Published by D. C. Books, Kottayam. It is also arranged in the alphabetic order in a Malayalam script. So it is very useful for teachers, students and layman. Puranic Encyclopaedia of Vettam Mani published by Current Books Kottayam in the year of 1964. 5. Sanskrit Malayalam Nighandu, Edited by Dr. Mavelikara Achuthan, Prasanti Publication, TVM, 2009. Lexicon have a major role in the development of Sanskrit language and literature. If a person wants to understand the meaning of a Sanskrit word he can easily find out the word and meaning from these dictionaries without any help of others. Now most of the persons working in various. field like schools, college, technical literature and Kerala theatre and soon also depend upon these dictionaries. Along with these Sanskrit-Malayalam Dictionaries Sanskrit-English dictionaries are also available in Kerala.

285 1. nh 3. Kosa or Dictionary of the Sanskrit Language by Amarasimha with an English interpretation by H. T. Colebrooke. Sanskrit-English Dictionary by Prof. H. H. Wilson. The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary by W. S. Apte. 4. English-Sanskrit Dictionary by M. Monier Williams.