365bet娱乐

In ancient time Gurukula was the most important of Centre of learning. In the Vedic literature we get references of numerous teachers (膧肠腻谤测补蝉) and the students (艢颈峁�y补蝉). The Atharvaveda and the 艢补迟补辫补迟丑补 叠谤腻丑尘补峁嘺^[1] gives the graphic picture of the initiated student entrance to the preceptor鈥檚 residential institution, and the primary injunctions are recorded therein. 颁腻苍诲辞驳测补 鲍辫补苍颈峁�a诲 mentioned that the 叠谤补丑尘补肠腻谤颈苍蝉 residing in the Gurukulas are called

鈥�办耻濒补惫腻蝉颈鈥�, one who dwells in the house of his preceptor^[2]. The great epics like 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺 and the 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 also give the references of Gurukulas^[3]. There the Gurukulas are regarded as famous institutions. During that period students assembled in body and acquired knowledge. The Gurukulas were not always situated in forests. In the majority of the case they were in villages and towns. The students came to Gurukulas from far off lands and in this manner, the residential institution were grown up^[4]. The curious student acquired knowledge from the teacher residing in the Gurukulas. In the 鲍辫补苍颈峁�a诲蝉 we find the reference of the hermitage of 厂补迟测补办腻尘补 闯腻产腻濒补 where Upakosala 碍腻尘补濒腻测补苍补 acquired his education observing celibacy for long twelve years^[5]. 厂补迟测补办腻尘补 闯腻产腻濒补 himself also studied remaining in the residential hermitage of sage Gautama Haridrumata^[6].Like that 碍峁涐梗峁嘺 and 叠补濒补谤腻尘补 staying in the hermitage of the sage Sandipani got schooling^[7]. In the similar manner Kach also learnt spiritual knowledge staying in the hermitage of 艢耻办谤补肠腻谤测补^[8]. From the aforesaid discussion it appears that in ancient time Gurukulas had reputation as educative Centres. In the 顿丑补谤尘补蝉奴迟谤补蝉 and 厂尘峁泃颈 literature too the importance of Gurukulas as the Centres of learning has delineation.

Accepting the command of the preceptor with regard the disciple acquired knowledge and observed celibacy. The vow of celibacy was very strict. In the Vedas the 叠谤腻丑尘补峁嘺蝉, the 鲍辫补苍颈峁�a诲蝉 and the 厂奴迟谤补 the vow of celibacy is mentioned. The period of 叠谤补丑尘补肠腻谤测补 or student life was like a prolonged sacrifice^[9]. At that time, a student had to study the Vedas and its accessories daily. He had to control his sense organs and many other things^[10].He had to beg alms, keep the sacred fired burning and tend the cattle of his preceptors鈥� house. He had to rise earlier and go to bed later than the Preceptor. His hours of study were fixed. Above all he had to observe the vow of celibacy. Though the vow of celibacy was very hard, the life of celibate became very nice. With sincere affection the Guru gives all the instruction of his student. Without the instructions of Guru nothing was possible to achieve. Therefore, it can be said that Gurukula was the basic educational institution in Vedic India. In the residential institution the disciples led their life in a systematic way, and molded their character according to the instructions of the Guru. Thus, in the long run, the disciples became perfect men for worldly life in future.

In the 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺 the hermitage of the sages 叠丑腻谤补诲惫腻箩补 and 痴腻濒尘墨办颈 were important Centres of education. 叠丑腻谤补诲惫补箩补鈥檚 hermitage was situated in between the confluence of the 骋补峁単腻 and the Yamuna^[11]. There the celibates constantly remained in chanting the Vedic hymns along with performing sacrificial rites and worships. In the 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺 while 搁腻尘补 proceeding towards Citrakuta 搁腻尘补 took repose in the hermitage of 叠丑腻谤补诲惫腻箩补^[12]. This hermitage was covered by forests. 笔耻谤耻峁�o迟迟补尘补 搁腻尘补 was highly influenced by the purity and serenity of this hermitage. The hermitage of the great sage 痴腻濒尘墨办颈 was also a great Centre for learning. The students from distant land came to study residing in the hermitage of 痴腻濒尘墨办颈. From the 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺^[13] and other treatises we learn that Lava and 碍耻艣补 live in this hermitage and got schooling under the guidance of 痴腻濒尘墨办颈. During that period the hermitage of the sage Agastya was also another Centre for learning. The hermitage of Agastya was located in 顿补峁囜笉补办补谤补峁噛补^[14]. There the students remained absorbed in prosecuting studies. Side by side they also performed different kind of sacrifices. In the 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 the hermitage of the sage 碍补峁噕补 and 痴测腻蝉补 were also the great Centres for studies. The hermitage of sage 碍补峁噕补 was situated on the bank of the river 惭腻濒颈苍墨^[15]. The atmosphere of the said hermitage was so pure that even the King when entering the hermitage had to leave his band of soldiers at the outskirts. The hermitage of sage 痴测腻蝉补 was located in the foot hill of the 贬颈尘腻濒补测补蝉^[16]. It was a famous seat of learning. In that hermitage the learned personalities like Sumanta, 痴补颈艣补尘辫腻测补苍补, Jaimini and Paila get their schooling^[17]. The hermitage of sage 艢补耻苍补办补蝉 located in 狈补颈尘颈峁Ｄ乺补峁噛补 was also an important Centre for learning^[18]. The 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 and the 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 mention that there was always gathering of the learned in 狈补颈尘颈峁Ｄ乺补峁噛补. There the students always remained eager to learn new knowledge. There was a hermitage of 叠丑腻谤补诲惫腻箩补s near the confluence of 骋补苍驳腻^[19]. There the students used to learn the science of weapons along with Vedas and 痴别诲腻峁単补蝉. In the 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 it is narrated that Drupada, the King of 笔腻帽肠腻濒补 and preceptor 顿谤辞峁嚹乧补谤测补^[20] got their schooling residing in that hermitage. The hermitage of great sage 笔补谤补艣耻谤腻尘补 was also an important Centre for learning of the science of weapons. 笔补谤补艣耻谤腻尘补 was a versatile scholar in Vedas and very proficient in the art of war. 顿谤辞峁嚹乧腻谤测补, the son of 峁歴i 叠丑腻谤补诲惫腻箩补 and the guru of Kauravas and 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉 received Dhanurveda 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, 顿颈惫测腻蝉迟谤补 艢颈办峁Ｄ� and 狈颈迟颈艣腻蝉迟谤补 from 笔补谤补艣耻谤腻尘补^[21].

In the ancient Buddhist literature also have come across the narration of Gurukulas. The stories of the 闯腻迟补办补 mentioned that the curious students residing in the Gurukulas prosecuted their studies. The great dramatist 叠丑腻蝉补 and the court poet of king 贬补谤峁�a 叠腻峁嘺产丑补峁�峁�补 also mentioned Gurukula. During the age the head of the hermitage was called Kulapati. All the disciples obeyed Kulapati as family members^[22]. Kulapati means a learned 叠谤腻丑尘补峁嘺 who would provide ten thousands pupils of his institution with free food, clothes, education and accommodation^[23]. In 础产丑墨箩帽腻苍补艣补办耻苍迟补濒补尘^[24] we get the reference of the 膧艣谤补尘补 of 碍补峁噕补, distinguished as a Kulapati or teacher of ten thousands pupils on the banks of the 惭腻濒颈苍墨 River. Likewise Alberuni of the eleventh century too in his book mentioned the system of education of the Gurukulas. He wrote that the students of those days residing in the Gurukulas acquired different knowledge by means of strict principle and also by rendering services to Guru. In this way, Gurukula maintained its importance from one century to another century.

Footnotes and references:

[back to top]

[1]:

Brahmac膩ri峁ａ箛a峁兣沜arati rodas墨 ubhe tasmin dev膩岣� sa峁� manaso bhavanti鈥︹�︹��..sa sn膩to babhru岣� pi峁単ala岣� p峁泃hivy膩峁� bahu rocate|| Atharvaveda XI.5;
Brahmacaryam膩g膩mity膩ha | 产谤补丑尘补峁嘺 evai迟补诲腻tm膩nannivedayati brahmac膩ryas膩n墨ty膩ha 产谤补丑尘补峁嘺 evai迟补诲腻tm膩naparidad膩tyathainam膩ha ko n膩m膩s墨t praj膩patirvair ka岣� pr膩j膩patyamevainantatak峁泃vopnayate鈥︹�︹�︹�︹�︹�︹�︹�︹�︹�︹�︹�︹�︹��..测补迟丑腻 ha v膩 峁沜a峁� v膩 yajurv膩 s膩m v膩bhivy膩harett膩d峁沰tadya 别惫补峁� vidv膩nabrhamac膩r墨 sannamadadhva艣ann膩ti tasm膩du k膩mamev膩艣ann墨y膩t ||艢补迟补辫补迟丑补 叠谤腻丑尘补峁嘺 XI.5.4.

[2]:

Brahmacary膩c膩ryakulav膩s墨 ||颁腻苍诲辞驳测补 鲍辫补苍颈峁�a诲 II.23.1.

[3]:

vasana gurukule nitya峁� nitya峁僡dhyayanerata岣� |惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 艢补濒测补.40.3.

[4]:

别惫补峁� m膩峁� brahmac膩ri峁嘺岣�|dh膩tar膩yantu sarvata岣� 蝉惫腻丑腻||| 罢补颈迟迟颈谤墨测补 鲍辫补苍颈峁�a诲 1.4.3

[5]:

Upakosalo ha vai k膩mal膩yana岣� satyak膩me j膩b膩le brahmacaryamuv膩sa tasya ha dv膩da艣a var峁Ｄ佱箛yagn墨n paricac膩ra |颁腻苍诲辞驳测补 鲍辫补苍颈峁�a诲 IV.10.1.

[6]:

Sa ha h膩ridrumata峁� gautamametyov膩ca brahmacarya峁� bhagavati vatsy膩myupey膩峁� bhagavantamiti||Ibid IV.4.3.

[7]:

Sand墨panirasa峁僢h膩vyam tayo岣� karm膩tim膩nu峁�am|vicintya tau 迟补诲腻 mene pr膩ptau candra-诲颈惫腻办补谤补耻触触Vi峁ａ箛u 笔耻谤腻峁嘺.3.11.19-20.

[8]:

Kaca susv膩gata峁� te'stu pratig峁沨an膩mi te vaca岣�|峁況cayi峁�ye'hamarcaya峁� tvamarcito'stu 产峁沨补蝉辫补迟颈岣�||Matsy 笔耻谤腻峁嘺.25.24

[9]:

顿墨谤驳丑补蝉补迟谤补峁� v膩 e峁�a upaiti | yo brahmacaryamupati|艢补迟补辫补迟丑补 叠谤腻丑尘补峁嘺 XI.3.3.2

[10]:

Sa yadm峁沢膩jinani vaste, sa yadaharahar膩c膩ry膩ya karma karoti, sa yat su峁�upsur 苍颈诲谤腻峁� ninayati鈥︹�︹�︹�︹�︹�︹�� noparis膩y墨 蝉测腻诲 na g膩yno na nartan墨 na sara峁噊 na ni峁ａ弓ivet||Gopatha 叠谤腻丑尘补峁嘺 II.2-7; Sevetema峁僺tu niyam膩n 产谤补丑尘补肠腻谤墨 gurau vasan | Sa峁僴iyamyenidriyagr膩ma峁� tapov峁沝yartham膩tmana岣� ||惭补苍耻蝉尘峁泃颈 II.175.

[11]:

狈耻苍补峁� pr膩pt膩岣� sma sambhedha峁� ga峁単膩yamun膩yo峁歏ayam 鈥︹�︹�︹�︹�� bharadv膩j膩艣rame caita d峁浥泍ante vividh膩drum膩岣� || 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺 Ayodha 54.6-7.

[12]:

叠丑补谤补诲惫腻箩辞峄弙谤补惫墨诲颈诲补峁冣赌搈补诲丑耻尘奴濒补蹿补濒辞辫别迟补峁� 肠颈迟谤补办耻迟补峁� vrajeti ha || Ibid.Ayodha 54.38.

[13]:

Ku艣墨lavau tu dharmaj帽au r膩jputrau ya艣asvinau| bhar膩tarau svarasa峁僡patro dadar艣膩sramav膩sinau || Ibid.叠腻濒补.4.5; Raghuva峁僺am,XV.33.

[14]:

Tatr膩gamanamek膩gro da峁囜笉ak膩napravive艣a ha鈥︹�︹�︹�︹�︹�︹��蝉耻迟墨办峁ａ箛补峁� c膩pyagastya峁� ca agastyabhr膩tara峁� 迟补迟丑腻|| 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺 叠腻濒补.1.40-41.

[15]:

惭腻濒颈苍墨mabhito 谤腻箩补苍 苍补诲墨峁� 辫耻峁噛腻峁� sukodak膩m|| Tasy膩st墨re 产丑补驳补惫补迟补岣� k膩艣yapasya mah膩tmana岣�| 膩艣ramprvara峁� 谤补尘测补峁� 尘补丑补谤峁�i驳补峁嘺蝉别惫颈迟补尘触触惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 1.70.21,27.

[16]:

贰惫补尘补诲丑测腻辫补测补苍艣颈峁�y腻苍 惫测腻蝉补岣� 辫耻迟谤补峁� ca viryav膩n | Ub膩sa himavatp峁涐梗峁璦 p膩r膩艣aryo 尘补丑补尘耻苍颈岣� || 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 艢丑腻苍迟颈.327.33.

[17]:

Ved膩nadhy膩pay膩m膩sa 惫测腻蝉补岣� 艣i峁�y膩n 尘补丑腻尘补迟颈岣� || Sumantu ca mahabh膩ga峁� vai艣amp膩yanameva ca | 闯补颈尘颈苍颈峁� ca 尘补丑腻辫谤腻箩帽补峁� 辫补颈濒补峁� c膩pi tapasvina峁� || Ibid. 艢h膩nti.327.26.27.

[18]:

Naimi峁Ｄ乺a峁噛e 艣aunakasya kulapatedv膩rda艣avar峁�ike satre | Ibid.1.1.1.

[19]:

骋补苍驳腻dv膩ra峁� prati 尘补丑腻苍 babhuva bhagv膩n峁涐梗i岣�| 产丑补谤补诲惫腻箩补 iti 办丑测腻迟补岣� 蝉补迟补迟补峁� sa峁兣沬ta vrata岣�||Ibid.1.129.33.

[20]:

Sa nityam膩艣rama峁� 驳补迟惫腻 诲谤辞峁噀苍补 saha 辫腻谤迟丑颈惫补岣�| cik墨ri岣嵞乨hyayana峁� caiva 肠补办腻谤补 k峁�atriyar峁�abha岣� ||Ibid.1.129.40-42.

[21]:

Sa r膩masya 诲丑补苍耻谤惫别诲补峁� divy膩nyastr膩峁噄 caiva ha| 艣谤耻迟惫腻 te峁�u mana艣cakre n墨ti艣膩stre tathaiva ca||Ibid.膧di.129.52; tathetyuktv膩 tatastasmai pr膩d膩dasrt膩ni 产丑腻谤驳补惫补岣�| sarhasyavrata峁� caiva dhanurvedama艣e峁�ata岣�||Ibid.膧di.129.66.

[22]:

Prat墨m膩n膩taka. Act 6.

[23]:

惭耻苍墨苍腻峁� 诲补艣补蝉腻丑补蝉谤补峁� yo鈥檔nad膩n膩dipo峁�a峁嘺t adhy膩payati viprar峁�irasau 办耻濒补辫补迟颈岣� sm峁泃a岣�|| Abhij帽膩n艣akuntalam P.17-18.

[24]:

贰峁�a khalu kulapateranum膩lin墨t墨ram膩艣ramo d峁浥泍ate | Ibid.Act.I.