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63. Identification of Historical and Geographical Names in the Lakshmanotsava, a Medical Treatise composed in A. D. 14501 In the last issue of the Karnataka Historical Review' Dr. Har Dutta Sharma's article on Laksmanotsava An important work on medicine has been published. In this article Dr. Sharma has recorded all important data furnished by a Ms of the work in the Govt. Mss Library at the B. O. R. Institute, Poona, viz. No. 911 of 1887-91. The first chapter of this encyclopadic work on medicine gives us a genealogy of the author's patron Laksmana. According to this account the author's patron was a resident of Mathura and was a Kayastha of the Mathura class. The B.O.R.I. Ms described by Dr. Sharma is a copy dated Samvat 1767² = A.D. 1711 and the date of composition is Samvat 15063 A.D. 1450. = Authorship of the work:- The work is called . As it is encyclopadic in its contents it may have been composed by different collaborators. At least three names in verse 3 at the end suggest this possibility. These names are (1), (2) and (3). Three more names are furnished by verses 4 to 8 at the end of the work. These names are:-(1) g, (2) jagacchri and (3) arhadasa . Dr. Sharma concludes that purusottama may Karnataka Historical Review, Vol. VI, pages 51-56. 1. Vol III, (Jan.-July 1936), pp. 1-9. 2. The Ms ends on folio 218 - "samaptoyam laksmanotsava gamthah 4000 | atha subhasamvatsare srivikramarkagatabdani 1767 varsasamaye caitramase krsnapakse tithau pamcamyam camdradine srimadacaryavarya gachamukuta srimadacarya ( 6 letters erased ) sya chatrapujyaparama- pujya suraviradhiragambhiradamta ityadi saptavamsati gunabirajamanasri (5 letters erased ) tasyavalokanarthamidam chajamalena lipikrtam karnapuyyam || srirastu subhamastu . d, This Ms was copied in A.D. 1711 at g. Mr. Nando Lal Dey identifies fg with near Bhagalpur. (See his Geographical Dictionary. p. 94). 3. See Extract 430 in Peterson's Catal. of Ulwar MSS, 1890 (p. 163). This Ms of Laksmanotsava records the date of its composition as follows :- rasavyomasaredvakairvite vikramavatsare | maryo (rge ) sukle haridine purno gambho navo budhe || " 437

438 and STUDIES IN INDIAN LITERARY HISTORY " have been a guide and a critic in the composition of the work, while were the courtiers of the author's patron. In verse 39 we get a reference to after whom the work is named :- " gramtha nama sulaksmanotsava mimam brute sudharlaksmanah . In the colophons of chapters the work is described as laksmanaprathite, and not laksmanaracite as pointed by Dr. Sharma. From these and other points discussed by Dr. Sharma, he concludes that I was the patron of the author. Dr. Sharma later records evidence which supports laksmana 's authorship of the work, for instance, the last two lines of verse 38 which read :- soyam jarvajananvilokya vividhatamkarditan laksmana kartum tanvirujah karoti karunasimdhunibamdham subham || 38 || " As Dr. Sharma leaves the question of authorship undecided, I intend to help him to decide it by identifying the historical and geographical data furnished by the work. Genealogy of Laksmana :-Chapter I of Laksmanotsava contains 41 verses from which verses 9 to 39 give us the genealogy of Laksmana which may be indicated in the following series of names : - - - - dayanaga - lohada - sahadeva - damodara - dharmadeva - khatale - raipala - gajapati - sthiraraja - dasuka kamaraja - amarasimha - jalapa vikramasrih prthusrih - dhana- raja bhramajarara uddharana mahicandra amarasimha - ( amarasri ' or v. 1. soma- raja ) - laksmana - - - - ravana . In the above list of names we are concerned with and his father amarasimha . Verses 32 to 41 pertain to laksmana and are more or less laudatory. He is called kalpavrksa (v. 33 ). He bestows wealth profusely ( vamchatita vasupradah ), and is always full of tenderness and humility (mrdurnah ) (v. 36 ), He is dharma incarnate (dharmam murtamivodita v. 37). This description of supports Dr. Sharma's view that he was the patron of the author or authors responsible for this medical compilation which goes by his name; because it is incon- And 1. This name printed in bold type in verse 28 of the extract may not be a proper name but is only an equivalent of 3 to whom were born two sons laksmana and ravana, as indicated in verses 29 and 32 :av. 29 :- " tasya dvau tanayau ...... jyesto laksmanasamjnakah samabhavat tasyanujo ravanah | " v. 32 - " prasuto'marasimhakhyakasaratkamalopamah | laksmano bhati bhuloke karuna- varunalayah | " "

ceivable that an author who is described as or full of humility should write in a bombastic manner any laudatory verses about himself. laksmana built at navagrama, 'a tank ( dirghika ), and a rest-house (v. 38). We are told in verse 39 about the sources of dharmasala the present compilation. These are the samhitas of ga, susruta, vagbhata, atri, and caraka . Besides these texts the opinions of bhedacarya, nityanatha, and others have been utilised and their essence incorporated in this work. maulika or bholika was the name of laksmana 's mother as stated in verse 37 [ devi bhaulika (MS bholika ) samjnika prasuta tham nirmalam ]. Amarasimha, the father of Laksmana-Dr. Sharma states that Amarasimha "held some high position at the court of Mahamandakhan ( = Mahammad Khan or Mahmud Khan)" as indicated in verse 252 of Chap. I of the work. This is styled as 1. The nearest phonetical equivalent of the name c found in the Imp. Gaz. of India, Vol. IX, p. 199, 1886) is Naogaon. Places recorded as having this name are :- (i) Naogaon = Nowgong (A district of Assam); a town in Bundelkhand. " (ii) Naogaon in the Rajashahi district, Bengal, between Hamirpur and Chhatarpur state. I am inclined to identify with modern Nowgong the local names of which as recorded in the Gazetteer are "Naogaon" and Naugaon" in Bundelkhand, Central India. The Gazetteer states that a Rajkumar College in memory of Lord Mayo was opened here in 1875. The distance in a straight line on the map between Biana or c and this Nowgong (= Naugaon =) TT is about 200 miles. It is reasonable to suppose that this Naogaon formerly formed part of the territory governed by Muhammad Khan of Biana and I built a tank and a dharmasala within the territory governed by his patron king Muhammad Khan. The possibility of T's constructing the tank, etc., at a place in Assam or Bengal appears to be rather remote. The exact identification of needs, however, more evidence. 2. This verse reads as follows:- " yenase sasakottamatpravilasatpraudhapratapanala- jvalalidhasamastavairinivaharanyatpadam pronnatam | labdhva srimahamamdakhanasunrpat pratyarthikamtanano . damcaccandraparabhavaya satatam sauryena suryayitam || 25 || " ed: to ada

(v. 25) and in verse 5.' The work was composed in In verse 7 we are A. D. 1450 as previously stated by me. told that was ruling when the work was composed.2 It is, therefore, clear that in A. D. 1450 H the Saka king (=) Amarasimha's mother's name was was reigning at c town. ladama (or lauma ) ( v. 26 - yo ladama ( lauma )khya janani subhakalpavalyah pradurbhavan etc.). The foregoing lines give us the necessary historical and geographical particulars about and his family. We have now to see if any of these particulars could be identified on evidence from contemporary or earlier sources. sripatha Identification of q- Mr. Nando Lal Dey makes the fol- 193 lowing entry about 4 in his Geographical Dictionary,3 p. 193 :Sripatha-Biana, ninety miles east of Jaipur (Indian Antiquary, XV). J. F. Fleet has identified Biyana with the town of the name sfqat mentioned in the Biyana stone inscription dated Samvat 1100 = A. D, 1044.4 In this inscription the expression fai gt indicates that the name of the town was ficar as used in the eleventh century, while in the composed in A. D. 1450 we have the expression ga. In the first expression the word c has a feminine ending in T, corresponding to the feminine form gf, while in the second expression the word sripatha corresponds to the neuter form pure . The change of tha to tha caused by the change of gender of the word g, which has both the genders, viz, feminine and neuter, need not be an obstacle in our identifying fc of A. D 1450 with cr of A. D. 1044 which 1. This verse reads:- tasminpure sripathanamnivamdye yasovidhuh sadgunaratnasimdhuh | aste sakeso mahamamdakhanah sauryapratiksiptaparabhidhanah || " 2. This verse reads :- 66 namanmahibhrdvrajamaulimalaskhalatvaragarunapadapadme | tasminksitau rajapadam dadhane gramthah krtah srimahamamdakhane || 7 || " 3. Cal. Ori. Series, No. 21, E 13, 1927. 4. Ind. Ant. Vol. XV, p. 9.-"Biyana is the chief town of the Tahsil of the same name in the Bharatpur State in Rajputana."

Fleet has already identified with Biyana in the Bharatpur State in Rajputna. We have now to see if the name cn for Biyana was in actual use in the fifteenth century. Fortunately Fleet has already pointed out' that another Biyana inscription dated Samvat 1503 = A. D. 1447 actually uses the name sripatha ( om || siddhih || samvat 1503 varse asadhavadi 9 sanau dine sri sripathayam, etc.). This inscription proves beyond doubt that the name fc for Biyana was current in A. D. 1447, i.e., three years before the date of composition of the work, and that it has been changed to c in verse 5 of Chap. I of the work to suit the neuter gender of the word g in the expression tasminpure sripathanamni vamdye . It is, therefore, clear that (A. D. 1450) sfer (A. D. 1447) = = (A. D. 1044) = Biyana or Biana in the Bharatpur State in Rajputana. Identification of Dr. Sharma has already equated mahamamda khana HE with Muhammad Khan. We have now to find out if there or sakottama ) of the name was any Muhammadan prince (TT Muhammad Khan at Biana reigning either as an idependent sovereign or as a tributary to some sovereign power. It appears that Muhammad Khan of Sripatha or Biana, at whose court Amarasimha held some high position, is identical with Muhammad Khan of Biyana who surrendered to Mubarak Shah II in February 1427.2 Mubarak Shah II was a Sultan of Delhi belonging to the line of Sayyids³ which ruled from A. D. 1414 to 1443.4 Mubarak Shah II succeeded bis father Khizr Khan two days after the latter's death on 20 th May 1421.5 He was murdered at Mubarakabad on 19 th February 1434.6 Though Muhammad Khan of Biyana surrendered to Mubarak 1. Ind. Ant. XV, p. 239-" Sripatha. the ancient Sanskrit name of Biyana 2. Duff, Chronology, of India p. 248. 3. Stanley Lane-Poole, Mohemmedan Dynasties, 1925, p. 303. 4. Ibid, p. 300. 5. Duff, ibid, p. 245. 6. Ibid, p. 252.

Shah II in February 1427, he appears to have seized Biyana again. Mubarak then started in person for Biyana but was withheld by the news that Ibrahim Shah Sharqui was then marching on Kalpi. Between February and March 1428 Ibrahim returned before Mubarak. Mubarak then marched to Biyana and besieged Muhammad Khan, who capitulated a second time. Mubarak appointed a governor for Biyana and returned to Delhi on 30 th May 1428.' The Lakshmana-utsava tells us that in A. D. 1450 Muhammad Khan was ruling at Sripatha or Biyana' ( tasminksitau rajapadam dadhane - v. 7, Chap. 1). It is possible to suppose that though he capitulated twice to the Sultan of Delhi between February 1427 and May 1428, he might have assumed independence after Mubarak's death in A. D. 1434. What heroism was shown by Amarasimha, the father of Laksmana, in all the encounters of his patron king Muhammad Khan with the Sultan of Delhi, we are unable to say. In verse 25 of Chap. I the expression affac with reference to Amarasimha appears to indicate that he did play some valorous part in his master's battles against his enemies. I have attempted to identify the names mahamamdakhana, sripatha and 1. Duff, ibid, p. 248. 2. See Imp. Gazetteer, Vol. II, 1885, p. 418- Biana is on the route from Agra to Mhow, 50 miles southwest of the former. The town is of considerable antiquity. It is a spot of great sanctity in the eyes of Muhammadans. It is mentioned by Ferishta as a place of importance in 1491, when it stood a siege against Sikandar Lodi. Babar describes it in 1526 as one of the famous forts in India. - Biyana (Biana) is a railway junction being the 3 rd important railway station from Muttra (= Mathura:) southward (Muttra Bharatpur Bayana -Kotah). Bayana appears Sawai Madhopur to have been famous for its indigo in the 1 st half of the 17 th century. The East India Company purchased this indigo and exported it. [See India Office Records supplementary Calendar (1600-1640 A. D.), London, 1928, sections 279-81 and others ]. Some pre-historic human remains were found at Bayana in 1910 (see p.1374 of Prehistoric India by Panchanan Mitra, Calcutta, 1927.) -

in this paper, as Dr. Sharma has left the question open' for such an attempt in his analysis of the work Laksmanotsava. I trust that Dr. Sharma as also students of mediaeval history will examine my identification of these names and bring more information to bear on this question from sources which I cannot command at present. Dr. 1. See p. 7, Vol. III of the Karnataka Hist. Review: Sharma remarks - "Unfortunately at present we cannot identify these places; nor do we know of Mahamandakhan. "