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Vardhamana in his Ganaratnamahodadhi refers to Ksapanaka in the following quotation, verse 261: talo dhanusi piyuksa; Commentary: piluvaci³ piyuksanniti Ksapanakah piyuksayah paiyuksam. As Vardhamana composed his work in A. D. 1140, Ksapanaka must have written his work before that date. Zachariae thinks that Ksapanaka and Mahaksapanaka may be identical authors. He observes in this connection: "The time of Mahaksapanaka cannot be determined at present. The older commentators including Rayamukuta appear not to know his work. Perhaps Mahaksapanaka is identical with Ksapanaka, a commentator of the Unadisutra." If the above presumption about the indentity of Ksapanaka and Mahaksapanaka is correct, the date of Mahaksapanaka who is the author of Ane karthadhvanimanjari and Ekaksarakosa, goes back to a period before A. D. 1140, the date of Ganaratnamahodadhi. I have to record in this note some additional data, which push back the date of Mahaksapanaka by more than 200 years. Vallabhadeva, the author of the commentaries on the Mahakavyas, rarely resorts to authority in support of his interpretations. I have, however, found the following quotation from the Anekarthadhvanimanjari on folio 68 of a Ms of his commentary on the Raghup. vi. I Festchrift M. Winternitz, 1933, pp. 89-91. 1. Ganaratnamahodadhi, ed. by Eggeling, London, 1879, Preface, 2. Ibid., p. 309. 3. Compare the following line in a Ms. of Anekarthadhvanimanjari (No. 270 of 1880-81 of the Govt. Mss. Library, B. O. R. Institute) on folio 9: vrksajati gajau pilu pradarau rogasarnginau (variant bharganau). 4. Zachariae, Die indischen Worterbucher, p. 25 (搂13). 5. Aufrecht, Catalougus Catalogorum, part I, p. 435 a. 109

vamsa, viz. No. 449 of 1887-91 of the Govt. Mss Library at the B. O. R. Institute: narapatiscakame mrgayaratim samadhumanmamadhumanmathasamnibhah. This is the second line of the stanza 59' of the text. Vallabha's commentary on this line reads: manmathakamah tatsabhanamadhumadyam madhuksaudramadhupusparasastatha | madhurdaityo madhuscaitro madhuko' pi madhurmrduh anekarthamanjari. The lexicon Anekarthamanjari from which Vallabha quotes in the foregoing extract appears to be that of Mahaksapanaka, a Kashmirian. It is natural that Vallabha, himself a Kashmirian, should quote from an earlier lexicon composed by another Kashmirian Mahaksapanaka. The above quotation can be identified in a Ms of Anekarthadhvanimanjari (No. 270 of 1880-81 of the Govt. Mss Library B. O. R. Institute). This Ms is dated Samvat 1568 (=A. D. 1512). On folio 1 of the Ms the quotation appears as under: madhurdaityo madhuscaitro madhukopi madhurmmatah. The lexicon in question is known by two names. Two Mss of the work-one described by Rajendralal Mitra 2 and another by Dr. Eggeling³ have the title Anekarthamanjari similar to that used in Vallabha's quotation given above. The work is also called Anekarthadhvanimanjari and many Mss are recorded under this title by Aufrecht in his Catalogus Catalogorum. Eggeling also describes a Ms under this title in his Catalogue of India Office Mss." Now as regards the date of Vallabhadeva, he is put by scholars in "the first half of the 10 th century;5 for, his grandson Kayyata, son of Candraditya, wrote a commentary on Anandavardhana's Devisataka in 977-78 A. D. during the reign of Blimagupta of Kashmir (977-82 A. D. ). To be more specific about Vallabha's date we are informed that he lived about A. D. 925.6 In view of the above chronology about Vallabha we shall have to fix the first half of the 10 th century or roughly A. D. 925 as the 1. The stanza is numbered 48 in Nandargikar's Edition, p. 279. 2. Notices of Sanskrit Mss, Vol. IV, p. 28, Ms. No. 1404. The Colophon reads: Iti srikasmiramnaye Mahaksapanakaviracitayam anekarthamanjaryam sabdadhikarah samaptah. 3. India Office Catalogue, Part II, p. 291, Ms. No. 1030. 4. Ibid, p. 290, Ms. No. 1029. 5. S. K. De, Sanskrit Poetics, Vol. I, p. 97. 6. Duff, Chronology of India, 1899, p. 87.

terminus ad quem for the date of Mahaksapanaka, the author of Anekarthadhvanimanjari. As regards the terminus a quo for the date of Anekarthadhvanimanjari we have no evidence to fix it except the worthless legend of the Nine Jewels' at the court of Vikramaditya. Candragupta II (A. D. 401)² adopted the title of Vikramaditya and according to Keith's suggestion the fame of this Vikramaditya as the patron of the poets may be looked upon as having its attestation in the legend mentioned above. According to this legend the literary distinction of Candragupta's court was mainly due to the Nine Jewels or men of literary eminence, viz. Dhanvantari, Ksapanaka, Amarasimha, etc. If one is inclined to give any credence to the suggestion adumbrated above we may have to regard about A. D. 350 as the terminus a quo for the date of the lexicographer Ksapanaka (or Mahakspanaka) referred to in the legend. In the present state of Indian chronology, however, we are not inclined to take any precipitous leaps into the domain of the unknown. , 1. Keith, History of Sanskrit Literature, 1928, p. 76. 2. Duff, Chronology of India, p. 288.