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啶�啷佮ぐ啶距ぃ啶�啷�- [辫耻谤腻峁嘺尘- ] PURANA
[Vol. VI., No. 1
While considering the location of the Kambojas we must
take into account the evidence furnished by Y盲ska in his Nirulta
as to the linguistic peculiarity.
Sir
Yaska is very specific in stating that the root sava in the
sense of 'to go' is current only amongst the Kamboja people.
George Grierson pointed out that this is still a fact in the Ghalcha-
speaking tracts of the upper Oxus in the Pamir regions (JRAS.
1911, p. 802). He further pointed out that 'The whole subject of
the Kambojas had been previously worked out by Prof. E. Kuhn
on pp. 213. ff. of the First Series of Avesta, Pahlavi and ancient
Persian Studies, in honour of the late Shamas-ul-ulma Dastoor
Peshotanji Behramji Sanjana. (Strassburg and Leipzig, 1904).
(JRAS, 1912, p. 255).
The full evidence about the various conjugations of the
root Sava as a dialetical peculiarity of the Pamir-region in the
upper Oxus valley, has been recorded by Grierson in the Linguistic
Survey of India, Vol. X, pp. 468, 473. 474, 476, 500, etc. (Jai
Chandra Vidyalankar, Bharata-Bhumi, pp. 297-303).
(12) The list of Janapada States in ancient India as record-
ed in the Bhuvana-Kosha chapters are purposeful and require
greater attention with reference to their possible location in the
light of available evidence from other sources. It was from this
point of view that I had indicated the names of 12 Janapadas
which occupied the stretch of territory from Jammu-Duggar in
the cast to Harah眉raka in the west and B盲hl墨ka-Kamboja in the
north. Some of these names are beyond question, e. g. Darva
(Jammu, Duggar), next to that being Abhisara (Punch-Rajauri),
next to that Urasa (Hazara). South of Hazara was the Mah膩
Janapada of Gandhara with its eastern capital at Taxila and the
western at Pushaklavati (modern Charsadda) at the junction of
the Swat and Kabul rivers, to the north-west was the Kapisa
Janapada (Kohistan, Kafaristan) and beyond it was B盲hl墨ka or
Bactria on the Oxus. In between there were 10 Mandalas of
Lohita or Loha, the ancient name of Central Afganistan and also
the smaller Janapadas of Nagarahara (Jalalabad) and ampaka
(Laghman). In the south-west of Afganistan in the valley
Jan., 1964]
THE KAMBOJA JANAPADA
229 of the Argandhab river was the Harah眉raka Janapada. The
Arghandab represents the ancient Sarasvati which became known
as Haravaiti in the Avesta from which were derived Araghand and
Arachosia. The word Harah奴ra was also from the same original
name which form occurs in the Artha-sastra of Kautilya together
with Kapi艣膩yana. My submission is that Harah奴raka was a Jana-
pada in the Arghandab valley and Kapisi another Janapada in
Central Afganistan beyond the Hindukush on the route which was
leading to Balkh or Bahlika. Thus there was a scheme in the
relative positions of ancient Janapadas. It does not seem possible
to find some narrow corner in the midst of these Janapadas
for a Maha-Janapada like Kamboja, as the same was included
in the list of 16 Maha-Janapadas. Kamboja was no ordinary
element in the geographical scheme of ancient India, since in the
list of the 16 Mah膩-Janapadas as stated in the Anguttara Nikaya
in the whole north-west only two namely, Gandb膩ra and Kamboja
are mentioned which shows that even B盲hl墨ka and Harah眉raka
and Kapi艣卯 were considered to be of lesser importance. As shown
in the J膩taka and Avestic literature Kamboja was a centre of
ancient Iranian civilization as evidenced by the peculiar
customs of the country (JRAS, 1912, p. 56; the J膩taka edited
by Fausball, Vol. VI, p. 210).
(13) As regards the existence of two Kambojas the other
under the name of Parama Kamboja I am not in a position at
present to give my opinion on this point, since I am inclined to
think that it was only one country under two variant names.
To prove the location of Kamboja on the basis of the
find-spot of an A艣okan inscription is, to say the least, inadmissible,
since as pointed out by Shri Sethana, A艣okan epigraphs in
Aramiac script have been found at widely separated centres namely
Kandhar, Lampak and Taxila for which no such linguistic
argument as pleaded by Dr. Sircar can be reasonably put forward.
In view of all the facts and arguments I think there is all the
possibility of the identification proposed by Lassen of placing
Kamboja into Pamir region, which was reinforced by Grierson's
linguistic argument and supported by Pt. Jai Chandra.