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Oceans:

Again, there is the mention of the following oceans e.g. the eastern ocean^[1], the western ocean^[2] and the ocean of milk^[3]. The ocean of milk i.e. 碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉补尘耻诲谤补 is said to be the dwelling place of Lord 痴颈峁ａ箛耻.^[4]

Rivers:

惭补峁卥丑补办补 cites the rivers viz. 骋补峁単腻, 驰补尘耻苍腻 and 罢腻尘谤补辫补谤峁嚹�. Besides, he mentions the river 痴颈迟补蝉迟腻 also.

1. 骋补峁単腻

惭补峁卥丑补办补, refers to 骋补峁単腻^[5] in his poem. The river Ganges is said to be the river of the gods (Nirjaratara峁単avat墨).^[6] The confluence of the 骋补峁単腻 and 驰补尘耻苍腻 i.e. 笔谤补测腻驳补 also has been referred to here.^[7]

There are references to some bridges^[8] also. The 骋补峁単腻, one of the holy rivers of India, is otherwise known as 叠丑墨峁�m补su, 叠丑腻驳墨谤补迟丑墨, 闯腻丑苍补惫墨, Jahnukany膩, Jahnutanay膩 etc. The 峁欢惫别诲补^[9] mentions 骋补峁単腻, along with six other rivers. Again, 骋补峁単腻 is said to be the daughter of 贬颈尘腻濒补测补. Afterwards, in consequence of a curse from 叠谤补丑尘腻, she became the first wife of king 艢腻苍迟补苍耻. There she gave birth to Devabrata, celebrated as 叠丑墨峁�m补, by which she began to be called as 叠丑墨峁�m补su i.e. mother of 叠丑墨峁�m补. Again, according to another account, she came down to this world of the mortals, to purify the ashes of sixty thousand sons of king Sagara, by the propitiation made by 叠丑补驳墨谤补迟丑补, which begot the name 叠丑腻驳墨谤补迟丑墨. Moreover, while coming down to the earth, the celestial 骋补峁単腻 inundated the sacrificial site of Jahnu, variously called as a king or a sage, who out of wrath, drank up the whole water of the river. Eventually, through the pacification by the gods, sages and mostly by 叠丑补驳墨谤补迟丑补, Jahnu released her flows through his ears, thereby she got the appellations 闯腻丑苍补惫墨, Jahnukany膩, Jahnutanay膩 etc. The 贬别尘补肠补苍诲谤补办辞峁�a^[10] asserts that 闯腻丑苍补惫墨 is another name for 骋补峁単腻. The 础尘补谤补办辞峁�a^[11] also testifes the name Jahnutanay膩, whereas the Raghuva峁兣沘^[12] employs the term Jahnukany膩. Again, the 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补^[13] mentions 骋补峁単腻 as devanada. 碍腻濒颈诲腻蝉补 along with calling Jahnukany膩, also uses the words 迟谤颈尘腻谤驳补驳腻^[14], trisrotasa^[15] etc. to denote 骋补峁単腻.^[16]

There is the river 叠丑腻驳墨谤补迟丑墨, in the state of West Bengal situated in north-eastern India, forming the western boundary of the Ganges Brahmaputra delta. A tributary of the 骋补峁単腻 leaves that river just north-east of Jangipur, flows south and joins the Jalangi at Navadv墨pa, to form the Hugli river after a total course of 120 miles (192 km). The 叠丑腻驳墨谤补迟丑墨 is formed as the original bed of the Ganges.

2. 驰补尘耻苍腻

惭补峁卥丑补办补 cites the name of 驰补尘耻苍腻^[17] in his 艢谤墨办补峁囜弓丑补肠补谤颈迟补. 驰补尘耻苍腻 is a sacred river of northern India. She is personified as the daughter of sun, hence, also known as Ravisut膩, Tapanasut膩 etc. which means the daughter of sun. Again, she is known as 碍腻濒颈苍诲墨 also. There is the mention of 驰补尘耻苍腻 in the 峁欢惫别诲补^[18], the 碍奴谤尘补辫耻谤腻峁嘺^[19], the 艢补迟补辫补迟丑补产谤腻丑尘补峁嘺^[20], 叠腻濒补谤腻尘腻测补峁嘺^[21] etc. The 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺 however, mentions the 碍腻濒颈苍诲墨 and 驰补尘耻苍腻 separately. According to the 碍奴谤尘补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, the source of both 骋补峁単腻 and 驰补尘耻苍腻 is same and therefore the person, who forsakes his life on this river, attains salvation^[22].

3. 罢腻尘谤补辫补谤峁嚹�

惭补峁卥丑补办补 mentions 罢腻尘谤补辫补谤峁嚹�^[23] in his 尘补丑腻办腻惫测补. The 罢腻尘谤补辫补谤峁嚹� is a river of south India. It rises from the Malaya mountain and it is famous for its pearls.^[24] The 惭补迟蝉测补辫耻谤腻峁嘺., too states that Malaya mountain is the source of this river.^[25] The 罢腻尘谤补辫补谤峁嚹� can be identified to the present T膩mbarav膩ri, which rises in the eastern declivity of the western ghats, running through the district of Tinnevelly.^[26] It may be mentioned here that there are references of 罢腻尘谤补辫补谤峁嚹� river in other treatises also. As for example, 碍腻濒颈诲腻蝉补, in his Raghuva峁兣沘 mentions that this river flows down through the kingdom of the 笔腻峁囜笉测补蝉.^[27] 搁腻箩补艣别办丑补谤补, also narrates the river 罢腻尘谤补辫补谤峁嚹�, in his 叠腻濒补谤腻尘腻测补峁嘺^[28], in a lucid manner.

4. 痴颈迟补蝉迟腻

The river 痴颈迟补蝉迟腻 is referred by 惭补峁卥丑补办补 in 惫颈迟补蝉迟补测腻 yatra 濒耻峁环补迟迟补峁璦诲谤耻尘补^[29] 鈥︹��Stein, in his translation to the R膩jatara峁単i峁嚹�, vol. II, writes about this river.^[30]

There is the reference of the conjunction of the river Sindhu (Samudra) and 痴颈迟补蝉迟腻 (碍腻苍迟腻). This is mentioned as wandering site for Lord 艢颈惫补.^[31] About the confluence of the 痴颈迟补蝉迟腻 and its largest tributary, the Sindhu, Stei峁� comments, in his translation to the R膩jatara峁単i峁嚹�^[32]. 惭补峁卥丑补办补 observes that the appearance of the confluence of Sindhu and 痴颈迟补蝉迟腻, which are the receptacle of the fondness of the ocean, unites as it were, the forest of the creepers of religious merit with new water basins in the form of compact whirlpools.^[33]

Lakes

The following lakes are also referred, in the 艢谤墨办补峁囜弓丑补肠补谤颈迟补. As for example, the 惭腻苍补蝉补^[34] and the 惭补丑腻辫补诲尘补.^[35]

1. 惭腻苍补蝉补

The 惭腻苍补蝉补 is a sacred lake on the mountain 碍补颈濒腻蝉补. It is said to be the native place of the swans^[36], which are described as migrating to its shores every year at the commencement of the breeding season of the monsoons.^[37] The 碍补颈濒腻蝉补 mountain (altitude 22,028 ft.) is situated due north from the centre of the 惭腻苍补蝉补 lake (altitude 14,900 ft., area 133 sq. miles). It is 16 and 32 miles respectively from the north and south edge of the lake.^[38]

2. 惭补丑腻辫补诲尘补

The lake 惭补丑腻辫补诲尘补^[39] is said to be situated in Kashmir. Regarding the 惭补丑腻辫补诲尘补 Lake various information are found in the translation of R膩jatara峁単i峁嚹�, vol. I and vol. II, by Stein, such as, about origin of its name, location and the legend associated with it. The ancient name of the lake was 惭补丑腻辫补诲尘补saras. It was derived from the snake 惭补丑腻辫补诲尘补, who resided in the lake as its tutelary deity. This lake plays a very important role in the hydrographical system of Kashmir. It acts as a huge flood reservoir for greatest part of drainage of Kashmir. The 狈墨濒补尘补迟补辫耻谤腻峁嘺 relates at length, how the lake became the habitation of the 惭补丑腻辫补诲尘补n膩ga. The 惭补丑腻辫补诲尘补 is sometimes connected and identified with the 碍腻濒墨测补苍腻驳补, who, according to Pur膩峁噄c legend was vanquished by Lord 碍峁涐梗峁嘺. The foot of 碍峁涐梗峁嘺, when touching the snake鈥檚 head, had made padma i.e. lotuses appear on it, thereby, he got the name 惭补丑腻辫补诲尘补. Jonar膩ja expresses same view on it.^[40]

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

Ibid., XII. 56

[2]:

Ibid., X. 6

[3]:

Ibid., XIII. 42

[4]:

Ibid., III. 12

[5]:

Ibid., XI. 48; XII. 95

[6]:

Jonar膩ja comments -nirjar膩 dev膩ste峁Ｄ佱箖 tara峁単avat墨 ga峁単膩 鈥�../ Ibid., XI. 48, page 156

[7]:

Ibid., XI. 48; XII. 95

[8]:

Ibid., II. 43

[9]:

ima峁� me ga峁単e yamune sarasvati 艣utudri stoma峁� sacat膩 paru峁ａ箛y膩/
asikny膩 marudv峁沝he 惫颈迟补蝉迟补测腻rj墨-k墨ye 艣峁涐箛uhy膩 su峁�omay膩// 峁欢惫别诲补., X. 75. 5

[10]:

ga峁単膩 tripathag膩 bh膩g墨rath墨 trida艣ad墨rghik膩 trisrot膩 j膩hnav墨 mand膩kin墨 bhi峁�makum膩ras奴岣�/
Ancient Geography of India., IV. 147, page 47

[11]:

ga峁単膩 vi峁ａ箛upad墨 jahnutanay膩 suranimnag膩 bh膩g墨rath墨 tripathag膩 bh墨峁�mas奴rapi/
础尘补谤补办辞峁�a, I. 10-31

[12]:

鈥�..jalanidhimanunur奴pa峁� jahnukany膩vat墨r峁嚹�/ Raghuva峁兣沘, VI. 85

t墨rthe toyavyatikarabhave jahnukany膩 saryvo鈥︹��/ Ibid., VIII. 95

[13]:

ir膩vat墨 vitast膩 ca sindhurdevanadastath膩/ 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补, Sabh膩, IX. 19

[14]:

asaumahendradvi pad膩nagandhis 迟谤颈尘腻谤驳补驳腻 v墨civimardas墨ta岣�/ Raghuva峁兣沘, XIII. 20

[15]:

pravartay膩m膩sa kil膩nus奴y膩/
trisrotasa峁� tryambakamauli m膩l膩峁�// Ibid., XIII. 51

[16]:

pa艣yanavady膩峁単i vibh膩ti ga峁単膩/
bhinnaprav膩h膩 yamun膩tara峁単ai岣�// Ibid., XIII. 5

[17]:

Ibid., IX. I; XI. 48

[18]:

sapta me sapta 艣膩kina ekamek膩艣at膩 dadu岣� yamun膩y膩madhi/
艣rutamyudr膩dhogavya峁� m峁沯e ni r膩dho a艣va峁� m峁沯e// 峁欢惫别诲补., V. 52. 17

[19]:

tapanasya sut膩 devi tri峁�u loke峁�u vi艣rut膩/
碍奴谤尘补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, I. 37. 1

[20]:

bharato dau岣メ梗antiryamun膩manu ga峁単膩y膩峁�/
v峁泃taghnebadhanato pa帽ca pa帽c膩艣ata huy膩niti//
艢补迟补辫补迟丑补产谤腻丑尘补峁嘺., XIII. 54. 11

[21]:

seya峁� subhru pura岣� kalindatanay膩 g墨rv膩峁嘺sindho岣� sakhi v膩sa岣�k膩liyapannagasya yamun膩 d峁沢gocaru vartate/
vandasv膩ryama峁噄mim膩峁� duhitara峁� vaivasvatasy膩nuj膩峁� yasy膩岣�svar峁嘺 par墨k峁�a峁嘺k峁�ama岣峳峁�att膩pi svas膩 sodar墨//
     叠腻濒补谤腻尘腻测补峁嘺., X. V. 85

[22]:

yenaiva nihs峁泃a ga峁単膩 tenaiva yamun膩 gat膩/
pr膩峁嚹佱箖tyajati yastatra say膩ti param膩峁� gati峁�// 碍奴谤尘补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, I. 37. 2-3

[23]:

Ibid., VI. 73

[24]:

Jani, A. N., A Critical Study of Nai峁�adhacarita, page 186, (source: references on Geographical Data, footnote, 艢谤墨办补峁囜弓丑补肠补谤颈迟补., Bhatt, B. N.)

[25]:

k峁泃am膩l膩 t膩mrapar峁嚹� pu峁�paj膩 cotpal膩vat墨 malayapras奴t膩 nadya岣� sarv膩岣� 艣墨talaj膩岣� 艣ubh膩岣�/
惭补迟蝉测补辫耻谤腻峁嘺., 113-30

[26]:

Apte, V. S., 鈥楽tudent鈥檚 Sanskrit-English Dictionary鈥�., page 662

[27]:

di艣i mand膩yate tejo dak峁�i峁嘺sy膩峁� raverapi tasy膩meva ragho岣� p膩峁囜笉y膩岣� prat膩pa峁� na vi峁�ehire/
t膩mrapar峁嚹玸ametasya mukt膩s膩ra峁� mahodadhe岣� te nipatya dadustasmai ya艣a岣� svamiva sa帽cita峁�//
Raghuva峁兣沘, IV. 49, 50

[28]:

ratanaprasuriti samastatara峁単i峁嚹�峁�u v膩r膩峁� nidherbhagavata岣� subhaga峁� kalatra峁�/
asminniranturanitambin墨 t膩mrapar峁嚹� cak峁�u岣�patha峁� vrajatu mauktikak膩madhenu岣�//
叠腻濒补谤腻尘腻测补峁嘺., X. 56

[29]:

惫颈迟补蝉迟补测腻 yatra 濒耻峁环补迟迟补峁璦诲谤耻尘补pras奴nasauh膩rdabh峁泃o鈥檒isa峁僷ada岣�/
puraskriyante ha峁環amajjanotsavabhramatsurastr墨kabar墨san膩bhaya岣�//
艢谤墨办补峁囜弓丑补肠补谤颈迟补., III. 7

[30]:

鈥榯he great river which is the recipient of the whole drainage of the country is now known to K膩艣m墨rs by the name of Vyath鈥�An ancient legend related at length in the 狈墨濒补尘补迟补辫耻谤腻峁嘺 (狈墨濒补尘补迟补辫耻谤腻峁嘺), represents the 痴颈迟补蝉迟腻, as a manifestation of 艢颈惫补鈥檚 consort 笔腻谤惫补迟墨.鈥�

Stein, M. A., R膩jatara峁単i峁嚹�, vol. II, page 411-412

[31]:

sa sa峁僩amo yatra samudrak膩ntayorvih膩rav墨th墨 dhruvamindulak峁�ma峁嘺岣�/
nirantar膩varta艣atairvyanakti ya岣� khur膩gramudr膩 iva tatkakudmata岣�// 艢谤墨办补峁囜弓丑补肠补谤颈迟补., III. 20

[32]:

Stein writes that, these two rivers 鈥榤eet at present opposite to the large village of Sh膩岣峣p奴r, 74 挺 34' long. 34 挺 11' lat. and about nine miles in a direct line to the North West of 艢谤墨苍补驳补谤补. That this has been the point of junction since at least the fourteenth century, is proved beyond all doubt by the name of the place itself鈥︹�︹�� we can safely conclude that the confluence of the two rivers was also in 碍补濒丑补峁嘺鈥檚 time at the same point where we see at present.鈥�

Stein, M.A., R膩jatara峁単i峁嚹�, vol. II, page 329, under note 1. 57

[33]:

payonidhipremabhuvormah膩saridvitastayoryatra cak膩sti 蝉补峁僩补尘补岣�/
惫补苍补峁� ghan膩vartanibhena yojayannav膩lav膩lairiva dharmagarmut膩峁�// 艢谤墨办补峁囜弓丑补肠补谤颈迟补., III. 24

[34]:

Ibid., IV. 23, 26, 52; V. 19; IX 8, 47; XI. 38; XVI. 30; XXV. 15

[35]:

Ibid., III. 9

[36]:

Ibid., IX. 37; XI. 38

[37]:

Apte, V.S., 鈥楽tudent鈥檚 Sanskrit-English Dictionary鈥�., page 435

[38]:

De, Sushil Kumar, Meghad奴ta, page 37

[39]:

vyanakti yatrodakatar峁�ukairv峁泃a峁� ghanairmah膩padmapha峁嚹�艣vara岣� sara岣�/
尘耻办耻苍诲补辫腻诲腻丑补迟颈诲辞丑补诲辞苍尘颈峁�a肠肠丑颈谤补岣�s补谤辞箩腻迟颈迟丑颈产丑峁涐箙驳补产丑补峁単颈产丑颈岣�//
艢谤墨办补峁囜弓丑补肠补谤颈迟补., III. 9

[40]:

k膩liyan膩gasya hi vi峁ａ箛ucara峁嘺ny膩sena padmotpattau tall膩帽chanatv膩nmah膩padma iti prasiddhi岣�/
Ibid., III. 9, page 32