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With its rising and setting, 厂奴谤测补 creates the day and night and determines the time.^[1]

In the Vedas, 厂奴谤测补 is compared to a horse that drives the year or 蝉补峁僾补迟蝉补谤补 in the form of one-wheeled chariot:

sapta yu帽jati rathamekacakrameko a艣vo vahati saptan膩m膩/
trin膩bhi cakramajaramanarva峁� 测补迟谤别尘腻 惫颈艣惫腻 bhuvan膩ni tasyu岣�/^[2]

The one wheeled-chariot mentioned in the verse is 蝉补峁僾补迟蝉补谤补, i.e. the year; single horse is the Sun, seven are his rays. The three naves of the wheel are the three seasons: rainy, winter and summer.^[3]

Again, the one wheeled-chariot is mentioned with the twelve spokes, i.e. 诲惫腻诲补艣腻谤补.^[4] By these twelve spokes, twelve months of the year are interpreted which form a complete year.^[5] Again, the twelve-spoked wheel is mentioned as the generator of the seven hundred and twenty offspring.^[6] These offspring are indeed the days and nights of the year, i.e. three hundred-sixty days and three hundred-sixty nights.^[7]

厂奴谤测补 is identified with 蝉补峁僾补迟蝉补谤补 in the 叠峁沨补诲腻谤补峁噛补办辞辫补苍颈峁�a诲 thus:

e峁�a ha v膩 a艣vamedho ya e峁�a tapati tasya 蝉补峁僾补迟蝉补谤补 腻迟尘腻/^[8]

i.e.鈥攖he Sun that gives forth heat is the horse sacrifice, his body is the year.

The 蝉补峁僾补迟蝉补谤补 or the solar year is divided into two halves, i.e. 耻迟迟补谤腻测补峁嘺 and the 诲补办峁�i峁嚹乱补苍补. When the Sun turns north from the winter solstice that is called 耻迟迟补谤腻测补峁嘺 and the opposite movement, i.e., the movement of the Sun from the summer solstice to south is called 诲补办峁�i峁嚹乱补苍补.^[9] In yet another verse of the 峁欢惫别诲补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻, 厂奴谤测补鈥檚 wheel is described as constituting five spokes.^[10] The five spokes of the wheel of the chariot of the Sun indicates the five seasons.^[11]

厂奴谤测补, as the creator of seasons is mentioned several times in the Vedas.^[12] The 痴腻箩补蝉补苍别测颈蝉补峁僪颈迟腻 gives the names of the six seasons, viz., spring, summer, rainy, autumn, early winter and winter.^[13] The passage also indicates the respective characteristics of the seasons, such as heat, cold, dryness, etc.^[14] All these characteristics of the season are due to the special position of the earth in relation to the Sun during the earth鈥檚 revolution.

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

cf., k膩l膩dh墨natv膩t sarvasya sthite岣�/ S膩ya峁嚹乧膩rya on 峁欢惫别诲补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻, 1.164.2

[2]:

峁欢惫别诲补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻, 1.164.2

[3]:

Vide, trin膩bhi cakram/ tisro n膩bhisth膩n墨y膩岣� 蝉补苍诲丑测腻岣� sambaddh膩 v膩 traya 峁泃avo yasya tatt膩d峁浥沘m/ ke te/ gr墨峁�mavar峁Ｄ乭emant膩khy膩岣�/ S膩ya峁嚹乧膩rya, Ibid.

[4]:

cf., 诲惫腻诲补艣腻谤补峁� nahi tajjar膩ya varvarti 肠补办谤补峁� pari dy膩m峁泃asya/ 膩 putr膩 agne mithun膩so atra sapta 艣at膩ni vi峁兣沘ti艣ca tasthu岣�// 峁欢惫别诲补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻, 1.164.11

[5]:

Vide, 诲惫腻诲补艣腻谤补峁� dv膩da艣asa峁僰hy膩kame峁Ｄ乨ir膩艣y膩tmakai岣� m膩s膩tmakairv膩 arai岣� rath膩峁単膩vayavairyuktam/ S膩ya峁嚹乧膩rya, Ibid.

[6]:

cf., pa帽cap膩da峁� pitara峁� dv膩da艣膩k峁泃i峁� diva 膩hu岣� pare ardhe pur墨峁�i峁嘺m/ atheme anya upare 惫颈肠补办峁�a峁嘺峁� saptacakre 峁�adara 膩hurarpitam// 峁欢惫别诲补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻,1.164,12

[7]:

cf., 峁�a峁ａ弓i艣ca ha vai tr墨峁噄 ca 艣at膩ni 蝉补峁僾补迟蝉补谤补sy膩h膩ni/ 艢补迟补辫补迟丑补产谤腻丑尘补峁嘺, 9.1.1.43

[8]:

叠峁沨补诲腻谤补峁噛补办辞辫补苍颈峁�a诲, 1.2.7

[9]:

Kau峁Ｄ玹akibr膩hma峁嘺, 25.3.1-32

[10]:

cf., pa帽c膩re cakre parivartam膩ne tasminn膩 tasyurbhuvan膩ni 惫颈艣惫腻/ 峁欢惫别诲补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻, 1.164.13

[11]:

cf., pa帽c膩re pa帽cartur奴pai岣� arairyukte cakre sa峁僾atsar膩tmake/ S膩ya峁嚹乧膩rya, Ibid.

[12]:

cf., 膩dityastveva sarva峁泃ava岣�/ 艢补迟补辫补迟丑补产谤腻丑尘补峁嘺, 2.2.3.9;

[13]:

cf. namo va岣� pitaro ras膩ya 苍别尘腻 va岣� pitara岣� 艣o峁Ｄ亂a namo va岣� pitaro j墨v膩ya namo va岣� pitara岣� svadh膩yai namo va岣� pitaro ghor膩ya namo va岣� pitaro manyave/ namo va岣� pitara岣� pitaro namo vo g峁沨膩nna岣� pitaro datta sato va岣� pitaro de峁�maitadva岣� pitaro 惫腻蝉补 膩dhatta// Ibid., 2.32

[14]:

cf., 尘补苍测耻岣� 办谤辞诲丑补岣�/ krodha iva hi 艣颈艣颈谤补 辞峁�a诲丑墨谤诲补丑补迟颈/ 鲍惫补峁璦, Ibid.