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Accent means a way of expression. This expression is controlled by our emotions like anger, pleasure, terror, hatred and envy etc. The types of human tones and expressions are called 鈥�svara鈥� (accents). Accent is one of the important parts of a language. In all languages numerous homonyms exist. They cannot convey their meaning without reference to the intimation of the speaker by means of the context. Even the context cannot sometimes bring out the intention since it may be common to more than one sense. 

But the accent in a word which forms an integral part of expression fixes the sense. For example鈥�

啶�啶距�溹�嵿�炧た啶曕ぞ啶� 啶�啶犩え啷嵿い啶� 啶膏�嵿ぅ啷傕げ啶�啷冟し啶むぞ啶�啶距�椸�嵿え啶苦さ啶距ぐ啷佮ぃ啷�啶�啶ㄠぁ啷嵿さ啶距す啷�啶�啶距げ啶�啷囙い

y膩j帽ik膩岣� pa峁環anti 蝉迟丑奴濒补p峁涐梗at膩m膩gniv膩ru峁嚹玬ana岣峷膩h墨m膩labheta

(Mah膩bh膩峁�yam, Paspa峁Ｄ乭nikam).

In this text the sacrificers prescribe that a sacrifice is to be performed with a cow possessing spots for the twin god鈥撯��Agni鈥� and 鈥�痴补谤耻峁嘺鈥�. 

There arises a doubt in the compound鈥撯��蝉迟丑奴濒补辫峁涐梗补迟墨尘鈥� in the passage referred to about whether it is to be split in to鈥�

啶膏�嵿ぅ啷傕げ啶� 啶氞ぞ啶膏�� 啶�啷冟し啶む�� 啶� 啶膏�嵿ぅ啷傕げ啶�啷冟し啶む�� 啶膏�嵿ぅ啷傕げ啶距え啶� 啶�啷冟し啶ㄠ�嵿い啶� 啶�啶膏�嵿く啶距�� 啶膏ぞ 啶膏�嵿ぅ啷傕げ啶�啷冟し啶む��.

蝉迟丑奴濒腻 肠腻蝉补耻 辫峁涐梗补迟墨 ca 蝉迟丑奴濒补辫峁涐梗补迟墨 蝉迟丑奴濒腻ni p峁涐梗anti yasy膩岣� s膩 蝉迟丑奴濒补辫峁涐梗补迟墨.

This doubt cannot be cleared without the help of accent. If it has the accent of the 鈥�辫奴谤惫补辫补诲补鈥� i.e. 鈥�蝉迟丑奴濒补鈥�, then it is a 鈥�产补丑耻产谤墨丑颈鈥� or if it has the 鈥�补苍迟测辞诲腻迟迟补鈥� of a compound it is a 鈥�迟补迟辫耻谤耻峁�a鈥�. Thus we can say that the accent is a useful part of any language.

Varieties of Accent

According to 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ� there are three types of accents like鈥撯��耻诲腻迟迟补鈥�, 鈥�an耻诲腻迟迟补鈥� and 鈥�svarita鈥�.

啶夃う啶距い啷嵿い啶多�嵿�氞ぞ啶ㄠ�佮う啶距い啷嵿い啶多�嵿�� 啶膏�嵿さ啶班た啶むざ啷嵿�� 啶むぅ啷堗さ 啶むイ
啶侧�曕�嵿し啶｀�� 啶掂ぐ啷嵿ぃ啶�啶苦し啷嵿く啶距ぎ啶� 啶︵�堗さ啶む�� 啶膏�嵿ぅ啶距え啶�啷囙さ 啶氞ゥ

耻诲腻迟迟补艣c膩n耻诲腻迟迟补艣ca svarita艣ca tathaiva ta|
lak峁�a峁嘺峁� var峁嘺yi峁�y膩mi daivata峁� sth膩nameva ca||

(驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�,1)

Ud膩tta鈥擜 Syllable uttered in a high tone is called 鈥湷芑迥宄俪俨光�� or acute. The acute is the most prominent accent in a word, which may be simple or compound. When a vowel in a word is possessed of the acute accent, the remaining vowels have the 鈥渁n耻诲腻迟迟补鈥� or grave accent. According to this 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, accent is a properly of vowels only and consonants do not possess any independent accent^[1].

An耻诲腻迟迟补鈥擜 syllable uttered in a low tone is called 鈥渁n耻诲腻迟迟补鈥� or grave accent.

Svarita鈥擜 syllable uttered in a medium tone is called 鈥渟惫补谤颈迟补鈥�. It means the circumflex accent or the accent between the acute and the grave. 

The circumflex accent or 鈥渟惫补谤颈迟补鈥� has eight verities. They are-

1. 箩腻迟测补;
2. abhinihita;
3. 办峁�a颈辫谤补;
4. 辫谤补艣濒颈峁ａ弓补;
5. 迟补颈谤辞惫测补帽箩补苍补;
6. 迟补颈谤辞惫颈谤腻尘补;
7. 辫腻诲补惫峁泃迟补;
8. 迟腻迟丑腻产丑腻惫测补;^[2]

i. Abhinihita鈥�

When an 鈥�a鈥� is absorbed by a preceding final 鈥渆鈥� or 鈥涣鈥�, which are 鈥湷芑迥宄俪俨光�� the resulting circumflex is `abhinihita鈥�-

啶忇�� 啶嗋き啷嵿く啶距ぎ啷佮う啶距い啷嵿い啶距き啷嵿く啶距ぎ啶曕ぞ啶班�� 啶班た啶�啶苦い啶多�嵿�� 啶�啶冟��
啶呧�曕ぞ啶班�� 啶侧�佮お啷嵿く啶む�� 啶�啶む�嵿ぐ 啶む�� 啶氞ぞ啶�啶苦え啶苦す啶苦い啶� 啶掂た啶︵�佮�冟ゥ

eo 膩bhy膩mud膩tt膩bhy膩mak膩ro riphita艣ca ya岣�|
ak膩ro lupyate yatra ta峁� c膩bhinihita峁� vidu岣�||

(艢颈办峁Ｄ乻a峁僩raha,p.10)

The author gives us many examples of the 鈥�abhinihita鈥� circumflex. Like鈥撯��kuku峁璷'si鈥�, 鈥渟o'ham鈥�, 鈥渢e'vantu鈥�.

ii. J膩tya鈥�

The names of the different kinds of 鈥渟惫补谤颈迟补鈥� are mainly derived from the euphonic combinations in connection with which they arise. The meaning of the term 鈥溌崮宄俨獠光�� is 鈥渘atural, original, primitive鈥�. According to 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, a circumflex which follows a conjunction of consonants ending with 鈥测鈥� or 鈥渧鈥� and preceded by an unaccented vowel or which has no predecessor, is called the 鈥�箩腻迟测补鈥� Circumflex^[3].

For examples鈥�

啶оぞ啶ㄠ�嵿く啶�啷� 啶曕え啷嵿く啶� 啶囙さ 啶�啶ㄠ�佮し啷嵿く啶距え啶苦い啶�

诲丑腻苍测补尘 办补苍测腻 iva manu峁�y膩niti

iii. K峁�aipra鈥�

鈥淜峁�aipra鈥� this term comes from 鈥�办峁�i辫谤补鈥� which means 鈥渜uick, hasty鈥�. When 鈥渋鈥�,鈥溎�舛��,鈥涡鈥�,鈥溑�舛��,鈥溼箾鈥� become respectively 鈥测鈥�,鈥渧鈥�,鈥渞鈥� before a following dissimilar vowel the resulting circumflex is 鈥湴灬梗a颈辫谤补鈥�鈥�

啶囙�夃さ啶班�嵿ぃ啷� 啶�啶︵�嬥う啶距い啷嵿い啶距さ啶距お啶︵�嵿く啷囙い啷� 啶�啶掂�� 啶曕�嵿さ啶氞た啶む�嵿イ
啶呧え啷佮う啶距い啷嵿い啷� 啶�啶班�� 啶ㄠた啶む�嵿く啶� 啶掂た啶︵�嵿く啶距い啷� 啶曕�嵿し啷堗お啷嵿ぐ啶膏�嵿く 啶侧�曕�嵿し啶｀ぎ啷嵿ゥ

iuvar峁嘺u yadod膩tt膩v膩padyete yavau kvacit|
anud膩tte pare nitya峁� vidy膩t 办峁�a颈辫谤补sya lak峁�a峁嘺m||

(艢颈办峁Ｄ乻a峁僩raha,p.10)

The textual examples of the 鈥�办峁�a颈辫谤补鈥� accent are tri amvakam > tramvakam, dru 补苍苍补岣� > dvr补苍苍补岣�. 

iv. Pra艣li峁ａ弓a鈥�

A 鈥�蝉惫补谤颈迟补鈥� accent which rises from the fusion of two short 鈥渋鈥漵 are called 鈥�辫谤补艣濒颈峁ａ弓补鈥�. It arises from the sandhi^[4].For example鈥撯��abhi indhat膩m > abh墨ndhat膩m鈥�

v. Tairovya帽jana鈥�

A circumflex that intervenes between a preceding acute vowel and consonants is the 鈥�迟补颈谤辞惫测补帽箩补苍补鈥濃��

啶夃う啶距い啷嵿い啶�啷傕ぐ啷嵿さ啶� 啶膏�嵿さ啶班た啶む�� 啶掂�嵿く啶炧�嵿�溹え啷囙�� 啶�啷佮い啷� 啶�啶︵た啷�
啶忇し 啶膏ぐ啷嵿さ啷� 啶�啶灌�佮じ啷嵿さ啶距ぐ啶膏�嵿い啷堗ぐ啷嬥さ啷嵿く啶炧�嵿�溹�� 啶夃�氞�嵿く啶む�囙��

耻诲腻迟迟补p奴rva岣� svarito vya帽janena yuto yadi|
e峁�a sarvo bahusv膩ras迟补颈谤辞惫测补帽箩补苍补 ucyate||

(驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, 82)

When the circumflexed syllable is separated from the acute by one or more consonants, it is called 鈥�迟补颈谤辞惫测补帽箩补苍补鈥�. According to 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, the examples of the 鈥�迟补颈谤辞惫测补帽箩补苍补鈥� circumflex are i岣峞+ratne+havvye+ k膩mmye = i岣峞 ratne havvye k膩mmye.

vi. Tairovir膩ma-When the acute is parted from its enclitic circumflex not only by consonants but also by the 鈥�avagraha鈥� or pause which separates the two parts of a compound word is called 鈥�迟补颈谤辞惫颈谤腻尘补鈥�. The 鈥�迟补颈谤辞惫颈谤腻尘补鈥� circumflex can occur only in the pada 迟别虫迟鈥�

啶呧さ啶椸�嵿ぐ啶灌ぞ啶む�� 啶�啶班�� 啶�啶膏�嵿い啷� 啶膏�嵿さ啶班た啶む�� 啶膏�嵿く啶距う啶ㄠえ啷嵿い啶班�冟イ
啶む�堗ぐ啷嬥さ啶苦ぐ啶距ぎ啶� 啶む�� 啶掂た啶︵�嵿く啶距う啷佮う啶距い啷嵿い啷� 啶�啶︵�嵿く啶掂�椸�嵿ぐ啶灌�冟��

avagrah膩t paro yastu svarita岣� sy膩danantara岣�|
迟补颈谤辞惫颈谤腻尘补峁� ta峁� vidy膩dud膩tto yadyavagraha岣�||

(艢颈办峁Ｄ乻a峁僩raha, p.12)

For example鈥斺��gopat膩vitigo patau鈥�.

vii. P膩dav峁泃ta鈥�

The term 鈥湵枘寤宀贡贯箾t迟补鈥� is evidently a mutilated substitute for 鈥減膩daviv峁泃ta鈥� or 鈥減膩davaiv峁泃ta鈥�. Where there is a hiatus (viccheda), the circumflex is 鈥湵枘寤宀贡贯箾t迟补鈥�鈥�

啶膏�嵿さ啶班く啷嬥ぐ啶ㄠ�嵿い啶班�� 啶曕ぞ啶侧�� 啶掂た啶掂�冟い啷嵿い啶苦ぐ啷嵿す啷冟ざ啷嵿く啶む�� 啶�啶︵た啷�
啶膏�� 啶膏�嵿さ啶班�� 啶�啶距う啶掂�冟い啷嵿い啶� 啶膏�嵿く啶距い啷� 啶曕ぞ啶洁�囙ぎ啶苦い啶� 啶ㄠた啶︵ぐ啷嵿ざ啶ㄠぎ啷嵿ゥ

svarayorantare k膩le viv峁泃tirh峁浥泍ate yadi|
sa岣� 蝉惫补谤补岣� 辫腻诲补惫峁泃迟补岣� sy膩t k膩'imiti nidar艣anam||

(艢颈办峁Ｄ乻a峁僩raha,p.13)

The external examples of 鈥湵枘寤宀贡贯箾t迟补鈥� are 鈥渒膩'墨m鈥�, 鈥�putra'墨诲丑别鈥�.

viii. T膩th膩bh膩vya鈥�

A 鈥�蝉惫补谤颈迟补鈥� accent which is located in the between of two acutes, is called 鈥�迟补迟丑腻产丑腻惫测补鈥�. 

啶夃う啶距い啷嵿い啶距�曕�嵿し啶班く啷嬥ぐ啷嵿ぎ啷嵿ぎ啶о�嵿く啷� 啶�啶掂�囙え啷嵿え啷�啶氞じ啷嵿い啷嵿さ啶掂�椸�嵿ぐ啶灌�冟��
啶むぞ啶ムぞ啶�啶距さ啷嵿く啷� 啶�啶掂�囙い啷嵿�栢ぞ啶班じ啷嵿い啶ㄠ�傕え啶�啷嵿い啷嵿ぐ啷� 啶ㄠた啶︵ぐ啷嵿ざ啶ㄠぎ啷嵿ゥ

ud膩tt膩k峁�arayormmadhye bhavenn墨castvavagraha岣�|
t膩th膩bh膩vyo bhavetkh膩ras迟补苍奴naptre nidar艣anam||

(艢颈办峁Ｄ乻a峁僩raha,p.13)

The example of 鈥湷倌宄俪竽宀�丑腻惫测补鈥� is 鈥�迟补苍奴苍补辫腻迟补尘颈迟颈 迟补苍奴鈥�.

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

(Ibid., 118)

[2]:

Ibid.,76-77

[3]:

n墨cap峁況va岣� sayak膩ravak膩ro v膩 箩腻迟测补岣� svarito bhavati. (艢颈办峁Ｄ乻a峁僩raha, p.10)

[4]:

ik膩ro d峁浥泍ate yatra ik膩re峁嘺 sa峁儁uta岣�| 耻诲腻迟迟补艣c膩nud膩ttena pra艣li峁ａ弓o bhavati 蝉惫补谤补岣�|| (Ibid., p.11)