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It is impossible to rule a Kingdom by a single handed king. So Manu has said in his 惭补苍耻蝉补峁僪颈迟腻:

鈥淸...闭鈥�^[1] (7.55).

To rule the state the king should appoint minister, ambassador, spy etc.

In ancient India the King is called 肠腻谤补肠补办峁�u. The king sees his Kingdom through the eyes of his spies.

It is said in the 鈥�狈墨迟颈惫腻办测腻尘峁泃补鈥浓赌�

鈥�驳腻惫补岣� 辫补艣测补苍迟颈 gandhena vedai岣� 辫补艣测补苍迟颈 辫补峁囜笉颈迟腻岣� | c膩rai岣ケ璨古洸獠共猿倬� 谤腻箩腻苍补岣� || cak峁�ubhy膩mitare 箩补苍腻岣� 触触鈥�

(As it is seen in the 驳丑补峁囜弓腻辫补迟丑补 commentary of 惭补濒濒颈苍腻迟丑补 of the 碍颈谤腻迟腻谤箩耻苍墨测补, 录).

It has been said in the 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺 补濒蝉辞鈥�

鈥測asm膩t 辫补艣测补苍迟颈 诲耻谤补蝉迟丑补岣� sarv膩n arth膩n nar膩dhip膩岣� | c膩re峁嘺 tasm膩d ucyante r膩j膩na艣肠腻谤补肠补办峁�u峁�a岣� 触触鈥�

A king is very much dependant upon spy. There is no alternative to rule the state or kingdom. The spy should be faithful. They would not confound the king submitting the false and pleasing messages.

In this context great poet 叠丑腻谤补惫颈 said in his 办腻惫测补, the spy who is appointed by the king should not disappoint the king:鈥斺�渘a va帽can墨y膩 prabhavo'nuj墨vibhi:鈥澛�^[2] and the king should pay attention to the spy whether his informations are acceptable.

Truth is not always acceptable. Rare are the words which are both beneficent and acceptable.

鈥�丑颈迟补峁� manoh膩ri ca 诲耻谤濒补产丑补峁� 惫补肠补岣�鈥� 录^[3].

The kingdom is not protected without the help of spy. The permanency and security of state is dependent upon the spy in many respects. The spy is the main power to save the kingdom.

鈥�惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补鈥� says:

鈥�谤腻箩测补峁� pra峁噄dhim奴la峁� hi mantras膩ra峁� pracak峁�ate |鈥�

The King would decide the home ministry and foreign policy according to the collected news of the spies without spy it is impossible to a king to know about the state of his Kingdom and the enemies one.

He feels like the blind person without spy.

Mentioning the quotation of the 狈墨迟颈惫腻办测腻尘谤峁璦 惭补濒濒颈苍腻迟丑补 says in his commentary (2.82)

鈥淸...闭鈥�^[4]

The King can not be able to know the force power about the enemies鈥� states. Sinking in the sea a sinker measures the depth of the sea. Active spies always become watchful towards the movement and strength of the enemy remaining in (18) eighteen places of consultations (尘补苍迟谤补峁嚹�) etc.

In the verse (2.111) of 艢颈艣耻辫腻濒补惫补诲丑补 canto two there is an implication how and through which role the spy watch the movement of the enemies.

The spy can be recruited from king鈥檚 dignitaries of the state or in otherwords these dignitaries can act as spies.

痴颈箩颈驳墨峁�u king shoul march against his enemy knowing his condition. In the 艢颈艣耻辫腻濒补惫补诲丑补 we get the verse鈥�

[...] || 2.111 ||^[5]

鈥淟et spies acquainted with their own works or duties (persons acquainted with rules) having placed their foot into the interior of officials (landing place) know the nature (bottom) of the enemy like water鈥�.^[6]

Here pranidhi means spy.

A spy should collect information of enemy king. Being known about enemy king a 惫颈箩颈驳墨峁�u should march for fight against him.

In order to be successful in knowing the internal secrets of his enemy a crafty and cautious king must inaugurate a smart and splendid espionage. He must employ expert spies who will be able to pray and dive down into the internal policies of the whole host of ministerial bodies looking after the welfare of his antagonistic monarch. Just as a person in order to sound the depth of a body of water he is diving into, must set his foot on the interior of the landing stairs leading to the depth of the water.

One can very easily pay into the secrets of an enemy through his 迟墨谤迟丑补鈥� s or officials just as one can very easily dive down into the interior of water through landing stairs. Therefore first of all one should examine the thing by entering into the interior.

At first getting landing place divers easily go down in a large and extended piece of deep water. Like that enemy too may be easily measured through the trusted officers (spies) of 艢颈艣耻辫腻濒补.

The spies follow as like as minister etc. are called tirtha (high state dignitary). There numbers are eighteen (18).

In this respect 惭补濒濒颈苍腻迟丑补 has said in his commentary:

鈥渘墨rthani mantr膩dya峁ａ弓膩诲补艣补sthan膩ni 触触鈥�^[7]

And also it has been said in the commentary of 蝉补谤惫补峁僰补峁Ｄ�:

鈥溎乵bhasa iva 艣atro岣� k峁泃a迟墨谤迟丑补sya suprave艣atv膩t 辫谤腻办 补苍迟补岣� 辫谤补惫颈艣测补 辫补谤墨办峁�y补 ityartha岣� |鈥� (2.111)^[8]

In this respect 贬补濒腻测耻诲丑补 also said鈥斺�測enau `脤隆么脤楼脤t脤脤艙峁Ｃ� Z脤 藴脤w脤脤镁hya庐玫脤z霉篓脤虏楼脤脥脤 |

鈥淸...闭鈥� || 2.111 ||^[9]

In the 础谤迟丑补艣腻蝉迟谤补 of 碍补耻峁璱濒测补 (1.12.6) we get the records of eighteen kinds of spies or 迟墨谤迟丑补.

They are as follows:鈥�

1. Mantri鈥擳丑别 Councillor.
2. Purohita鈥擳丑别 Chaplain.
3. 厂别苍腻辫补迟颈鈥擳丑别 Commander-In-Chief.
4. 驰耻惫补谤腻箩补 鈥擳丑别 Crown Prince.
5. 顿补耻惫腻谤颈办补 鈥擳丑别 Chief Palace Usher.
6. 础苍迟补谤惫补峁兣沬办补鈥擳丑别 Chief of the Palace Guards.
7. 笔谤补艣补蝉迟腻 鈥擳丑别 Director.
8. 厂补苍苍颈诲丑腻迟腻 鈥擳丑别 Administrator.
9. 厂补尘腻丑补谤迟腻 鈥擳丑别 Director of Stores.
10. 笔谤补诲别峁ａ弓腻鈥擳丑别 Magistrate.
11. 狈腻测补办补 鈥擳丑别 Commandant.
12. 笔补耻谤补惫测补惫补丑腻谤颈办补鈥擳丑别 City-Judge.
13. 碍补谤尘腻苍迟颈办补鈥擳丑别 Director of Factories.
14. 惭补苍迟谤颈辫补谤颈峁�a诲补诲丑测补办峁�a鈥擳丑别 Council of Ministers.
15. 顿补峁嘾补辫腻濒补鈥擳丑别 Superintendents, the chief of the army staff.
16. 顿耻谤驳补辫腻濒补鈥擳丑别 Commandant of the Fort.
17. 础苍迟补辫腻濒补鈥擳丑别 Commandant of the Frontier-Fort.
18. 膧峁璦惫颈办补鈥擳丑别 Forest Chieftain.

The King should employ these with a credible disguise as regards country, dress, profession, language and birth, to spy in conformity with their loyalty and capability in his own territory.

In this connection it has been said in the 笔补帽肠补迟补苍迟谤补 of 痴颈峁ａ箛耻 艢补谤尘腻 that, these high state dignitaries employed in the enemy state will be eighteen in number.

Fifteen of them would act as spy in own country.

谤颈辫补耻谤补峁ａ弓腻诲补艣补颈迟腻苍颈 蝉惫补辫补办峁�a 诲补艣补 辫补帽肠补 ca |
tribhistribhiravij帽膩tairvetsi t墨rth膩ni c膩rakai岣� ||

(As it is seen in the 艢颈艣耻辫腻濒补惫补诲丑补 (2^nd canto) edited by Annada Shankar Pahari, p.306).

The welfare of the state sometimes depends on the duties which have been carried out by the spies. Great poet 惭腻驳丑补 speaks about the necessity of spies. Without 辫补蝉辫补艣腻丑苍颈办补 of the 惭补丑腻产丑腻峁�y补, grammar is incomplete, inactive as the elementary subjects have been asserted here.

As 辫补蝉辫补艣腻丑苍颈办补 in grammar, the role of spies is also important in politics.

鈥渁苍耻迟蝉奴迟谤补辫补诲补苍测腻蝉腻 蝉补诲惫峁泃迟颈岣� sannivandhan膩 |
艣avdavidyeva no 产丑腻迟颈 r膩jan墨tirapaspa艣膩 || 2.112 ||^[10]

鈥淧olitics or science of government even where in footsteps do in outstrip rules, even wherein there is good livelihood and even wherein there are permanent grants of cows, gold etc. if there be no spies, does not shine, like the science of words or grammar shining without an introductory discourse through having the 苍测腻蝉补 exposition not outstripping the words of aphorisms, though having the good commentary 办腻艣颈办腻 and though having good scholium 叠丑腻峁�y补鈥�^[11]

The role of spy is very important in the field of politics. Without reliable spy a king is like a blind person.

There must be an exquisite and explicit introductory dissertation in every science of words or grammar else. It is bound, for aught, to be thrown overboard. A world of commentaries will be of no use unless there is an elaborate introduction dealing with minute and subtle points and cracking the hardest grammatical nuts. The same manner is applicable in politics. Mere observances of rules of transactions, good maintenances granted to officers and profitable grants of lands鈥攔eward and remunerations bestowed upon workers will be of no importance unless there is a splendid system of cleve espionage established. The most vital importance of politics hinges upon an useful and ardent espionage like the essence of science of words or grammar pivots upon a lucid and useful introduction.

There has been said in the commentary of 艢颈艣耻辫腻濒补惫补诲丑补 (verse no. 112)鈥�

鈥渢asm膩t c膩rapre峁�a峁嘺m膩va艣yaka峁� tadrahitasya r膩j帽a岣� andhapr膩yatv膩t |鈥�

This verse, at the same time 惭腻驳丑补鈥檚 skill in politics as well as in grammar.

Characteristics of the spy and their engagement is discussed in 惭腻驳丑补鈥檚 艢颈艣耻辫腻濒补惫补诲丑补.

For the king鈥�

vuddhi艣astra岣�prak峁泃ya峁単o ghanasa峁僾峁泃ika帽cuka岣� |
c膩rek峁�a峁噊 d奴tamukha岣� 辫耻谤耻峁�a岣� ko'pi 辫腻谤迟丑颈惫补岣� || 2.82 ||^[12]

鈥淭he monarch is extraordinary whose intellect is his weapon, whose various parts of his state are his limbs, whose close counsel is his armour, whose spies are his eyes and whose messengers are his mouth.鈥�^[13]

鈥淥rdinary, runs of monarchs are not expected to be praise worthy, paragons of administrative excellence. The King who strikes down his enemy by dint of his sober intelligence, who identifies the parts of his body such as hands, feet head etc. with the various members of his state such as master, minister, allies etc. i.e. who considers these members of the state to be his veritable limbs wherewith he can move an act, whose close counsel serves the purpose of a strong armour, who sees not with his own eyes, but with his eye like spies, who speaks through the mouth of his messengers, is indeed a rich rarity for whom it is foolish and futile to look for a parallel.鈥�^[14]

The word 肠补谤别办峁ａ箛辞 or 肠腻谤补肠补办峁�u is very familiar epithet of the king.

Royal administration without spy does not succeed. So, the expert spies of 测腻诲补惫补 would become close with faithful employees of 艢颈艣耻辫腻濒补. They would try to know the forcepower of them. 狈墨迟颈艣腻蝉迟谤补 directs that giving sufficient salary. The appointed spies would be given permanent land. After this if the politics remain spyless, it is a shameless matter. So, the King should appoint spy in his kingdom and enemy state.

It is not enough for 惫颈箩颈驳墨峁�u king to know the news of his enemies and their force power from the mouth of his spies. But also has to create鈥�bheda producing misunderstanding among the enemy kings and his courtiers. Four principles 蝉腻尘腻, 诲腻苍补, bheda and 产补峁囜笉补 are mentioned here.

The object of the kings spies is to required gather information living at the enemies state. As they are appointed by their own 惫颈箩颈驳峁�u King, they get the salary from him as well as from enemy king being his employee. This type of spy would be ambisalaried named apasarpa.

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

Manabendu Bandyopadhaya, (Ed. & trans.): 惭补苍耻蝉补峁僪颈迟腻, p. 656.

[2]:

Ashoka Kumar Bandyopadhaya: 碍颈谤腻迟腻谤箩耻苍墨测补, p. 22.

[3]:

loc.cit.

[4]:

Haridas Siddhantavagisha, (Ed. & trans.): 艢颈艣耻辫腻濒补惫补诲丑补, p. 86.

[5]:

ibid., p.99.

[6]:

Sitanath Kavyaratna & Madhab Das Sankhyatirtha, (Ed. & trans.) 艢颈艣耻辫腻濒补惫补诲丑补m, pp. 324-325.

[7]:

Haridas Siddhantavagisha, Op.cit., p.99.

[8]:

loc.cit.

[9]:

loc.cit.

[10]:

ibid., p.100.

[11]:

Sitanath Kavyaratna & Madhab Dass Sankhyatirtha: Op.cit., p.331.

[12]:

Haridas Siddhantavagisha: Op.cit., p. 85.

[13]:

Sitanath Kavyaratna & Madhab Dass Sankhyatirtha: Op. cit., pp.234-235.

[14]:

ibid., p. 235.