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The following sixteen words are listed as the synonyms of usas (dawn). usas. Yaska in his Nirukta (2.18) interpretes the word 2 He states "Usas is so called because, she shines (vas). It is the time subsequent to night. Durga derives usas from ucch 'to disperse.* It disperses darkness. 3 , The word usas is not included in the list of synonyms. 1. Vibhavari: The word in its form (vocative), vibnavarl occurs in eight places addressing the goddess usas. (I.30.20; 48.1; 10.92.14; IV.52.6; V.79.4; 10; VIII.47.14). 1. 1. vibhavari ' 2. sunari 3. bhasvati 4. odamti 5. citranadha 6- arjuni 7. vajini 8 vajinivati 9. sumnavari 10 ahana ghona 鈼� 11. tana 12. svetya 13. asebi 140 sunrtam 15. sunrtamvati 16 satavari | 2. usah kasmat | ucchatiti satyah | ratreraparah kalah | 3. "ucchi vivase " vivasayati hiyam tamamsi tasmad . ucchatiti svamasya etasmin karmani satyah etasmin karake usa ityetadabhidhanam bhavati |

121 2. Sunarl: The word occurs with its form, sunarl in five places. The word sunarl is interpreted by sayana as either grhakrtyasyanetri or praninamnetri (1.48.5, 81 IV.52.1; VII.81,1). The other form sunarl (1.48.10) addresses the goddess usas. Sayana explains it as usustu navati iti. At one 3. Bhasvati: The word occurs in two places (1.92.7 and 11334) as an adjective of the goddess Usas. place it is explained as tejasvini and at the other as visista prakasayukta vak. 4 4. Odati: The word with its form occurs in two places. Sayana interpretes in the sense of goddess Usas." (Sayana in RV.VIII,69.2 cites the word odatl before bhasvati while quoting the Nighantu). 5 5. Citramagha: The word with its form occurs in fcur places (VII.75.5 77.3; VII.58.3: citra-maghe 1.48.1 C). Sayana interpretes it as an adjective of goddess Usas, 4. 15 5. 1.48.6. odati | usodevata | "undi kledane " | unatti sarva niharena iti odamti usah 8.69.2. odatitam | audatyah usasah * odati bhasvatita tannamasu pathat | 7.75.5. citramagha vicitradhana, vicitraranamyakhya dhana va | } t 1 1 L

except in VIII.58.3 where he explains the word as an adjective to goddess Laksmi. 122 6. Arjun: The word occurs in its vocative form arjunl in two places. It is explained as subhra varna (1.49.3, V.84.42). 7. Vaiinl: The word with its forms is used in four places as adjective.? 8. Vaiinivat: The word occurs with its forms in fourteen places. It is interpreted as annavati, Except in 1.120.10 where it is explained as annak balah va tadva kriyavatoh (asvinoh). Of these in one place the word is addressed to the goddess Usas (1.48.6) and in other two places it is used as adjective to goddess Usas. Yaska in his Nirukta (12.6) 8 6. vajini vajini iva | 8. 3.61.1. vajini annavati usah | 6.61.6. vajini vajo balamannava | tadyukte sarasvati 3 .6.1. vajini annavati ghetaci 8. 7.75.5. vajinivati | bavanta | yadyapyusi namaitat tathapi citramaya ityasyapyusinamakasya prthagvidhamanatvada anaiko yogarudho vagantavyah | 8. 24.2.8. vajini vati | annavati | padalinadiyamusasya | ya | vajo vajanam gamanamasyastiti vajinyantam | tadvatti he usah |

fy 123 interpretes the word vajinivatl as annavati (rich in food). 9. Sumnavari: The word occurs only once in 1.113.12. Sayana explains "Sumnam iti sukhanama, tadvati (Usah). 10. Ahana: The word occurs only in I.123.4. Sayana explains it as goddess Usas. 11. Dyotana: The word odcurs only in one place. The word dyotana is used in fiminine (RV.I.123.4). Sayana explains it as krtsnam jagat dyotanasila. It may be added that dyotanim is used in two places (III.58.1; X.12,7) giving the meaning as sarvasya prakasakam suryam and dIptim respectively. thr 12. Svetya: The word occurs in two places as adjective. (I,113.2 Svetavarnasah, X, 75.6 Svetavarna invocative sense), sindho 13. Arusi: The word with its forms occurs in sixteen places as adjective. A few examples are given below. 9. arusi, asamsinam asesi bhih, arusiya, arusi 10. 鈥� r 10 1.14.2. arusih gatimatih | * gatau | ranti gacchantityaruso vadavah 11.30.1 arusi rocamane usah kalabhimanini devate | 1.71.1. arusim | arocayanam | yadva | subharupayuktam | .

1 " 124 11 in 14. Sunrta: The word occurs with its other forms' forty one places. In twenty four places the word is interpreted as adjective to vaak or stuti (i.e. priva satyarupa vak or stotram). In other nine places sayana explains it as 'vak' and says that it belongs to vangnama. However, it may be pointed out that the word is not listed in vaiganama. In the commentary on the Rk.X.39.2, Sayana gives alternative meaning to the word sunntah (i.e. vacah usaso va). The word sunrta is used as an adjective to address the goddess Usas in three places. The word sunrta is listed in annanamani (Ni.2.7.24). 嘟� The word mainly comes in the rks which are attributed to goddess Usas. At the dawn, birds, animals, men and all the creatures start speaking. While explaining that context the word is used. The word sunrtavan is used in 1.59.7 where it refers to Agni (priya satyavak yuktah agnih). 15. Sunrtavati: The word is used in four (1.22.3; VII.81.6, 1.92.14 and VII, 74.2) places with its two forms (1.e. sunrtavate and sunrtavati). Sayana explains them as 'priyasatyavak. But in VII.74.2 he explains the word stutivate stotre. The words are used mainly as adjective to usas. sunrta sunrtamah, sunrta sunrtanam sunate | -

125 16. Sungtavarl: The word in its form sunrtavarl occurs only in one place i.e. IV.52.4. Sayana explains it as sunrta iti vahgnama tadvati devi, i.e. the word is addressed to the goddess Usas. To conclude, the words listed in this section are used in the RV, as adjectives, mainly to the goddess Usas or vak. Four words (1.e. No. 9, 10, 11 and 15) occur only once, And other four words (1.e. 3,4, 6 and 12) are sused twice in the RV. The other words also except 8, 13 and 15 do not appear in two digits, The above discussion may be summarised in a tabular form: Words No.of times used in the RV. No.of times used in the sense assigned_ Vibhavari 8 sunari 10 3 Bhasvati 4 Odati 5 citramagha 4 6 ArjunI N 1+ (4) (2) 2 (3) 1 + 1 7 vajini 8 Vajinivati 14 .5 1 + (2) {

} $ 126 1 + 10 Ahana 11 Dyotana 1 Words Sumnavar No.of times used in the RV. No.of times used in the sense assigned (1) 1 1 12 svetya 2 13 Arusi 16 (3) 1 14 Sunrta 41 (3) 15 sunrtavati 4. (4) 16 sunrtavari 1 (1) 19 The number of words, which are used as adjectives to the goddess Usas, is given in brackets. 1