Essay name: Minerals and Metals in Sanskrit literature
Author:
Sulekha Biswas
Affiliation: Chhatrapati Sahuji Maharaj University / Department of Sanskrit
This essay studies the presence of Minerals and Metals in Sanskrit literature over three millennia, from the Rigveda to Rasaratna-Samuccaya. It establishes that ancient Indians were knowledgeable about various minerals and metallurgy prior to the Harappan era, with literary references starting in the Rgveda.
Chapter 7 - A millennium of Ratnashastra (gemmology) literature in India
75 (of 85)
External source: Shodhganga (Repository of Indian theses)
Download the PDF file of the original publication
VII-72
experts should be immediately consulted (MM 322); they were
supposed to conduct specific tests (AM 166):
परीक्षा तंत्� कर्तव्या रत्नशास्त्रविशारदै�
[parīkṣ� taṃtra kartavyā ratnaśāstraviśāradai�
] One test-procedure consisted of immersing the sample,
suspected to be a fake pearl, in hot oil mixed with a pinch of
common salt, as the first step. Then the sample had to be soaked
overnight in water, and rubbed with dry cloth and grains of paddy.
If the colour did not fade, the pearl was considered to be genuine.
(RP 104-105, GP. 1.69, 39-40 and MM 323-325). Another method was
suggested in Agastimata.
The sample was to be mixed with salt
and cow's urine, and the mixture heated over fire. Then it had to
be rubbed with a quantity of chaff. A false pearl would be reduced
to fragments on this treatment, while a real one would shine more
brightly. (AM 167-169 and MM 326-327).
The steps narrated above amounted to cleaning of genuine
pearl as well, an object for which additional procedures were
recommended. Pearls could be cooked in the juice of lemon and
then rubbed with finely chopped carrot, when the samples could be
bored quickly. Alternatively, pearls could be cooked in a
matsvaputa or a fish-shaped crucible, with milk, water and lime-
- water in three successive steps. These were finally cooked in
condensed milk, and then rubbed with clean cloth, when the real
pearls were expected to shine brilliantly (GP 1.69.35-37 and
MM 328-329); Garuda Purana noted that this method had been original
