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VI-
much earlier before the first century A. D. (when Panna mine was
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exploited), the actual diamond mining had started in India.
Sapphire (blue)
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[颈苍诲谤补苍墨濒补
] 12.326.5) was obtained from the gem-beds
of Sri Lanka which contained more sapphire-blue variety of corundum,
and less of ruby red variety of the same mineral.
Sunstone (survakanta or arka) and moonstone (candrakanta)
both belong to the feldspar family. In the sunstone structure,
embedded hematite or goethite crystals scatter an internal glow of
yellowish or reddish beams, and thus the mineral exhibits self-
-luminescence. The reference 12.46.33 quoted earlier, describes the
chariot of the Lord Krishna bedecked with gold, emerald and arka or
sunstone. Was Krishna's Syamantaka a piece of sunstone or diamond?
The moonstone is an intimate combination of orthoclase and
albite in an arrangement of thin layers to which it owes its beauti-
ful blue bloom and its lovely sheen. This mineral has been available
in the Kangayam district of Tamilnadu in South India and also in the
famous gem-gravels around Ratnapura in the south-western Sri Lanka.
Quartz or rock crystal has been mentioned several times as
sphatika in the Mahabharata (2.3.16 and 27; 3.212.13-14; 12.326.3-5
etc.). Due to its resemblence with glass, which was used to imitate
gems, it came to be known as Kacamani, and gradually got devalued
as a common place material. The epic mentions few other minerals
such as ni lanjana (12.326.3) which is probably the blue pigment
carrollite, asmasara (2.47.14) (was it iron or agate or amethyst?)
which was used to make bhanda or containers.