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Essay name: Minerals and Metals in Sanskrit literature

Author: Sulekha Biswas
Affiliation: Chhatrapati Sahuji Maharaj University / Department of Sanskrit

This essay studies the presence of Minerals and Metals in Sanskrit literature over three millennia, from the Rigveda to Rasaratna-Samuccaya. It establishes that ancient Indians were knowledgeable about various minerals and metallurgy prior to the Harappan era, with literary references starting in the Rgveda.

Chapter 5 - Minerals and Metals in Kautiliya Arthashastra

Page:

11 (of 31)


External source: Shodhganga (Repository of Indian theses)


Download the PDF file of the original publication


Warning! Page nr. 11 has not been proofread.

V-11
looks like cat's eye or marjaraksaka which is mentioned in the
Arthasástra under a different context related to diamonds (2.11.39).
The section 2.11.31 describes mahanila (deep blue) indranila
(sappphire, which is corundum or Al2O3 containing Ti, Fe and Co as
impurities), a variation being asteriated or star, sapphire entiled
sravanmadhya, bluish gem 'having rays shooting like flowing water'..
Later mahānila was distinguished from indranila in the text
Agastimate, as the deep blue variety from Sri Lanka in which 'the
colours of the rainbow sparkle'.
Jimutaprabha is proably cloudstone or faint bluish marble.
Moonstone or candrakanta, an intergrowth of orthoclase and albite,
with pearly opalescent reflection, blue bloom and lovely sheen
(available in Sri Lanka), was probably meant in the Arthas stra's
nandaka (2.11.31) and sitavrsti (2.11.32). Suryakanta, classified
with sphatika or quartz (2.11.32), is clearly sunstone, which is
sodium-calcium feldspar with strong optical interference, reflectivi
and play of colour. Was Lord Krishna's famous Syamantaka a sample
of suryakanta or vajra (diamond)?
The Arthasāstra also mentioned several subsidiary types of
gems named after colour, lustre or place of origin (2.11.35)
vimalaka, white-red, jyotirasaka, white-red (could be
agate and carnelian; vimalaka could also be shining pyrite),
lohitakaa, black in the centre and red at the fringe (magnetite,

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