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Custom generally means a system which is followed by the people of a particular community. Customs are playing a significant role in the society as they are the constituents of discipline of a society. The people of different communities follow different customs. The people of India have been following, from ancient time, the injunctions revealed through the Vedas which advise men to follow the path of law (峁泃a) and truth (satya) for their welfare. The 厂补峁僯帽腻苍补蝉奴办迟补^[1] of the 峁欢惫别诲补 expresses the idea of unity and fraternity. In the Atharvaveda^[2] also we find many references of desiring good behaviour amongst the members of the family. The Br膩ma峁嘺s and the 鲍辫补苍颈峁�a诲蝉 also contain many instructions for good behaviour. In the 厂尘峁泃颈 period Manu is very famous as law giver. In the 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补-蝉尘峁泃颈 of 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补, one of the three sections is relating to 腻肠腻谤补. These rules and regulations prescribed by these seers constitute the custom of the society.

In the 惭腻谤办补峁囜笉别测补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, different types of customs prevailing in different places are mentioned through various references. This 辫耻谤腻峁嘺 contains some references to the modes of greeting among the seniors, equals and younger. For example, the son, coming back from journey, is seen to bow down his head before his parents and to touch their feet desiring blessing from them^[3] so that he can enjoy himself the remaining days. Likewise, a young man is seen to bow down at the feet of an elder person. Here, 峁歵补诲丑惫补箩补 is seen to greet the king 狈腻驳补 seeking his blessings.^[4] Same method is seen adopted by the daughter-in-law to her parents-in-law.^[5] She should honour other elder relatives of her husband鈥檚 house with obeisance, embraces and greetings, according to the propriety and their ages.^[6] One who show reverence to the parents and other elder person he is seen to be blessed with desire of his long life^[7] and he also received their blessings with obeisance.

There are various types of blessings and expressions seen in the 惭腻谤办补峁囜笉别测补辫耻谤腻峁嘺. For example, after defeating 笔腻迟腻濒补办别迟耻 and other demons, king 峁歵补诲丑惫补箩补 was blessed by his father, king 艢补迟谤耻箩颈迟, for his prosper in riches, heroism and happiness and for non-separation from his newly married wife, 惭补诲腻濒补蝉腻.^[8] Again, the young man is seen to bow down at the feet of an elder person and the latter raised him and blessed him with a warm kiss on his head and wished him to be long lived and destroyer of his enemies and to be of humble behaviour to his father.^[9]

It is found to be a courtesy of that time that as a sign of high respect to her husband the wife did not mention her husband by his name, which was considered to be a good manner for a wife. We find the evidence of this custom in 痴补颈艣腻濒墨 that this Brahmin lady, in place of mentioning her husband by name, she mentioned her husband as the son of 痴颈艣腻濒补 before king Uttama.^[10] The 惭腻谤办补峁囜笉别测补辫耻谤腻峁嘺 also refers modes of greetings of the friends. An intimate friend of someone was considered as the soul of the later moving outside.^[11] Embracing with the highest friendly affection was a custom of greeting.

We find the evidence in this 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 that at the time of reaching of 峁歵补诲丑惫补箩补 at his own city the wide open eyed, people, out of great pleasure, embrace one another:

辫补谤颈峁�v补箩补苍迟补尘补苍测辞苍测补尘补迟颈办补耻迟奴丑补濒腻苍惫颈迟补尘.^[12]

He the 搁腻箩补辫耻迟谤补, also embraces those people who might be his friends or foes.^[13]

The tradition of sending invitations and accepting the same is a custom of the society which has been recognised in the 惭腻谤办补峁囜笉别测补辫耻谤腻峁嘺 as well. We notice this example in case of, to fulfil the desire of 狈腻驳补 king for seeing wise prince 碍耻惫补濒补测腻艣惫补, the two sons of the king were sent to invite him with proper advice and 碍耻惫补濒补测腻艣惫补, considering himself to be lucky enough to be invited by the king, accepted their invitation saying that he did not want to waste even a moment to proceed to the king鈥檚 place.^[14] The modes of introducing a stranger are different. The 惭腻谤办补峁囜笉别测补辫耻谤腻峁嘺 bears an example of introduction of Jaiini himself to the birds that he was Jaimini, 痴测腻蝉补鈥檚 disciple and he had gone there to learn about the solutions of his doubts about 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补.^[15]

There are also certain styles to bid goodbye in every society. This habit is also found in the 惭腻谤办补峁囜笉别测补辫耻谤腻峁嘺 while 厂耻产腻丑耻 bid goodbye to king 碍腻艣墨 at the time of his (k膩艣墨鈥檚) leaving the place. She bid him goodbye saying 办腻谤测补峁� 产丑补诲谤补峁� 迟别鈥檚迟耻 i.e. may your works be auspicious.^[16].

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

峁欢惫别诲补, 10.191.2-4

[2]:

Atharvaveda, 3.30.2-3

[3]:

惭腻谤办补峁囜笉别测补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, 20.4

[4]:

Ibid., 21.106

[5]:

Ibid., 23.2

[6]:

Ibid., 23. 2-3

[7]:

Ibid., 21.7

[8]:

Ibid., 19.103

[9]:

Ibid., 21. 106-107

[10]:

Ibid., 67.4

[11]:

蝉补办丑腻 pr膩峁噊 bahi艣cara岣� / Ibid. , 21.85 b

[12]:

Ibid., 21.3

[13]:

Ibid., 21.4

[14]:

Ibid., 21. 80-85

[15]:

Ibid., 4.9

[16]:

Ibid., 41.12