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It appears from the various references from Kathasaritsagara that the contemporary people were fond of many luxuries. 868. Nirnaya Sagar 10.7.16, 12.15.39, 12.19.95,97. Also mentioned by Bana, in Kadambari. Also see Salatore R.N.Op.cit., p.192. 869. Ibid. 10.1480. (2 to 9) 870. Ibid. 15.2.131,132. 871. Ibid. 12.15.39. 872. Ibid. 12.6.336. 873. Ibid. 2.5.150, 7.9.72,12.11.17.

437 Flowers (pushpa), perfumes, garlands (malas), ointments (vilepann), scents(mada) were used by the people in large quantity. People kept themselves well attired, especially the fair sex was very much fond of toileting, scents, unguents (prasadhanam), ornaments and was elegantly and richly dressed. We have references to mandanabharana 874 (beautiful with the toiletters) ladies. The people had a deep sense of cleanliness and therefore. Kept themselves 875 fresh by baths and toileting. They used to paint their 876 faces and adorned their feet with beautiful red-dye. Tilak was worn by ladies. It is said that Padmavati was adorned 877 with a fore-head streak. The red-paint or red-dye is 878 mentioned. Ladies used to paint their faces. Thus it is mentioned that the face of Kalingasena was painted and it was robbed of its colour when Mana savega kissed her. Bath and Swimming Bathing and swimming was common in the society. Not only kings and rich people but ordinary people also were 880 fond of bathing. The contemporary commentaries on Smriti say that bathing was compulsory for all the castes at least once a day. We have references to men as well as women taking 874. Nirnaya Sagar 6.8.264, 12.20.21. 875. Ibid. 6.7.208, 13.1.2. 876. Ibid. 4.1.50. 877. Ibid. 8.2.234, 3.2.31. 878. Ibid. 12.8.113. 879. Ibid. 6.7.208. 880. Ibid. 12.13.7, 18.1.49, 9.4.240, 12.21.33,15.5.56, 12.20.21.

881 438 baths in rivers, lakes, and at holy-places. Ladies of Shankhapura are said to be taking bath in the purfying 882 883 lake Samkhahaida. Queen Vasavadatta used to take bath and a certain lady after taking a bath is said to have 884 And again a nymph used her under-garment toilated herself. 885 while taking bath. Priyadatta entertained a certain 886 Brahmin with bath, unguents, garments and food. Bath rooms were attached to the apartments of the palaces in which kings and queens are seen taking baths. Thus it is mentioned that Agnishikha washed the feet of 887 Sringabhuja in a bath-room attached to his palace. Bath was probably taken in the second hour of the day. Many kings from Kathasaritsagara are seen taking their bath after attending 888 their morning business in the audience-hall. Many secents and unguents were used in bathing 889 and were even applied after the bath. Sandle-wood paste was a favourite. People of the rich community, especially, used to anoint themselves with perfumes and unguents. It is mentioned that Vidushaka was anointed with unguents and 881. Nirnaya Sagar 14.4.147, 16.1.37, 14.4.50, 17.4.70,12.2.15-21. 882. Ibid. 13.1.88,89. 883. Ibid. 4.1.501 884. Ibid. 12.20.21. 885. Ibid. 14.4.69. 886. Ibid. 9.2.224-226. 887. Ibid. 7.5.111. 888. Ibid. 7.6.155, 9.4.240, 3.6.222, 15.5.156, 1.7.22. 12.9.24, 12.17.23-24, 9.3.73, 7.2.116. 889. Ibid. 9.5.62.

439 again yellow unguents were applied to their bodies by the 890 ladies of Sankhapura. Toilet Ladies as well as men used to trim their locks. Ladies used to braid their hair. We have reference to the ladies of Malva who had braided hair with garlands put on 891 892 them. Blue lotuses were used in making garlands. Again the curling (bhanga) in the locks of the women of Kanakapura 894 Scented oil was probably applied to the hair. 893 is mentioned. Single plait ( (1) eni) and double plait was worn by ladies. 895 Madanamunchuka used to weat a single plait. These plaits 896 that used to hang behind on the back were called as pannagam. 897 Men kept long masses of hair and applied oil to them. 898 Plaited hair of men are also mentioned. h 899 The head-dress (siravastanam) of a bald is referred to. Scented pastes for the body 900 The application of sandle-wood paste (stikhandardravi 901 lepenam) was common. A yellow unguent is mentioned. At the 890. Nirnaya Sagar 3.4.248, 13.1.88,89. 891. Ibid. 3.5.99. 892. Ibid. 10.6.227. 893. Ibid. 9.5.27. 894. Ibid. 16.2.31, Also see Puri B.N. India under the Kushanas p.98 and Saletore R.N. Op. cit., p.415. He mentions that Chandanam, anulapenam and angaragam were used in pastes and oils. It is interesting to note that toilet saloons existed in ancient India, Jain J.C. Op.cit. p.133-134. 895. Ibid. 14.2.113,115.77. 896. Ibid. 17.5.165. 897. Ibid. 12.13.31. 898. Ibid. 16.2.31, 8.5.59, 9.4.47. 899. Ibid. 10.5.184. 900. Ibid. 7.3.5,7. 17.4.54, 108/2. 13.1.56. 901. Ibid. Nirnaya Sagar 13.1.88,89.

440 time of the coronation ceremony of Naravahanadatta a redungunet (aruna anga) was used. White-sandle-wood juices 903 (chandanasikta) were also sprinkled. Ladies used to apply sandle-wood (chandana) ointment to their bodies during 904 hot season. Love-sick persons were anointed with moist 905 sandle-wood ointment (chandanai, vilapanam). Collyrium (anjana) Black pigment, antimony or collyrium (anjana) was put in their eyes by the ladies. It is mentioned that Madiravati's friends had black-pigment in their eyes and also the eyes of the wives of Naravahanadatta were red by the washing 907 into them of antimony. Scents (mada, gandha) Scents were prepared from musk (Mrigamalda), sandlewood, (chandana) camphor (karpura) black-aloes, (Kalaguru) and other splendid fragrant substances. 908 Incense was burnt in shrines and sleeping chambers. Thus we find that the splendid chamber of princess Hamsavali the daughter of king of Lata was perfumed with aloes and 909 adorned with flowers. (Kalaguru sugandham...). 902. Nirnaya Sagar 15.2.81. 903. Ibid. 17.4.89. 904. Ibid. 12.28.17. 905. Ibid. 13.1.56,76, 17.4.54,108. 906. Ibid. 13.1.192. 907. Ibid. 14.4.147. 908. Ibid. 12.35.81. During the Gupta period 'Kalaguru' was used after the bath, Saletore R.N.Op. cit., p.415-416. 909. Ibid.12.7.232. Also see 18.3.18-19.

441 People perfumed themselves with scents. Thus a fair courtesan of the Anga country is said to have perfumed herself with Sandle-wood, camphor, black-aloes and other splendid scents (shrikhanda-karpura kalagura madomatta Scents were applied to their dress by people. It is mentioned that the garments of the queens of Sabara 910 Chief Ekakikaserin were perfumed with musk (mrigamadamo- - 911 divasanam). Perfumes and various other scented articles were 912 sold in the market. The Gandhikas were experts in their profession and had probably a thriving business.