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1 Teachers鈥� Residence:

In the Upani峁�adic times, the teacher鈥檚 hermitages were the living centers of learning. The teacher admitted the pupil into his residential institution after the performance of the initiation ceremony of the student. Mainly, the teachers鈥� hermitages were served as the seat of learning. We have found the vivid description of residential institution by Div膩karamitras hermitage. When 贬补谤峁�a惫补谤诲丑补苍补 had gone to the hermitage of Div膩karamitra, he saw the latter was surrounded by his pupils and students of various sects from different geographical locations.^[1]

2 Pari峁�ad:

The 辫补谤颈峁�a诲 was that where persons of different stages come to quench their thirst for knowledge. Infect, 辫补谤颈峁�a诲 was also a centre for the cultivation of knowledge, where the scholars gathered together and discussed various things together. The author B膩峁嘺bha峁�峁璦 has clearly stated in his 碍腻诲补尘产补谤墨, that the king 艢耻诲谤补办补鈥檚 mantr墨辫补谤颈峁�a诲 was filled with different types of Scholars; with them he had passed his day and night discussing on various topics.^[2]

3 Go峁ａ弓h墨:

The word 驳辞峁ａ弓丑墨 implies the assembly or discourse. In ancient times 驳辞峁ａ弓丑墨 was somewhat like a modern club. P. V. Kane comments-鈥渁n assembly or in a club or an assembly of learned man.鈥�^[3]

According to the 厂补峁卥别迟补 肠辞尘尘别苍迟补谤测鈥�

sam膩navidy膩vitra艣ilabuddhivayasamurupair膩l膩pairekatr膩sanabandho 驳辞峁ａ弓丑墨.^[4]

Different types of scholars gathered together and exchanged their views in 驳辞峁ａ弓丑墨. Infect, this type of conferences were held by the kings who were the great patron of knowledge. In the ancient time, Janaka, the great king of Videha also once performed a sacrifice to which he invited all the erudite scholars of the 办耻谤耻辫腻帽肠腻濒补.^[5] It is found in the 贬补谤峁�a肠补谤颈迟补 that different types of conference were being organized in the 7^th century A.D. King 贬补谤峁�a惫补谤诲丑补苍补鈥檚 royal assembly had been filled with heroes, thinkers, speakers etc.^[6] Again, description of vidy膩驳辞峁ａ弓丑墨^[7] is found, organized by the god 叠谤补丑尘腻, in which debating circle expressed their views or mutually discussed on higher problems of life attended by renowned scholars.^[8]

4 Royal Court:

In a royal court, the scholars discussed various problems. The king attached was encircled by learned men who were expert in different fields, and whose accompaniment was like an anthodium to the king. Description is found in the 碍腻诲补尘产补谤墨 that, the king 艢udraka was sitting in his royal court with the scholars who were very expert in various topics.^[9] Again, the writer B膩峁嘺bha峁�峁璦 has described that, the king 贬补谤峁�a惫补谤诲丑补苍补鈥檚 royal courts (谤腻箩补办耻濒腻苍颈) were full of various meritorious (驳耻峁嘺惫补迟补 [驳耻峁嘺惫补迟补m]) scholars who were attending the meetings organized for valuable discussions.^[10]

Besides this, there was no fixed place of attaining knowledge at that time. There are instances of pupils sitting in various places in the 腻艣谤补尘补 of Div膩karamitra. Some students sat on the rocks, some on bower, some under the shade of the trees, some even on the massive roots of huge trees to attain knowledge.^[11]

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

atha te峁Ｄ佱箖 taru峁嚹佱箖 madhye n膩n膩de艣墨yai岣� st膩nast膩ne峁�u st膩nun膩艣ritai岣� 艣il膩tale峁Ｅ玴avi峁ａ弓am膩na鈥�.. paur膩峁噄kai岣� s膩ptatantavai岣� 艣aivai岣� 艣膩bdai岣モ��.. pratyuccardbhi艣ca sa峁兣沘yanai艣ca vyutp膩dayadbhi艣ca vivadam膩nai艣c膩bhyasyadbhi艣ca vy膩cak峁Ｄ佱箛ai艣ca 艣i峁�yat膩峁� pratipannaird奴r膩dev膩vedyam膩nam, 贬补谤峁�a肠补谤颈迟补,VIII.p.128

[2]:

[a] yathaiva ca divasamevamarabdhavividhakriy膩parih膩sacaturai岣� suh峁沝bhirupeto ni艣膩manai峁Ｄ玹, 碍腻诲补尘产补谤墨,p.24
[b] kad膩cid膩baddhavidagdhamandalah k膩vyapravandharacanena鈥�, Ibid.,p.23

[3]:

[a] 贬补谤峁�a肠补谤颈迟补,p.214
[b] Ibid.,p.561

[4]:

Ibid.,I.p.13

[5]:

叠峁沨补诲腻谤补峁噛补办辞辫补苍颈峁�a诲,III.1.1

[6]:

[a] b墨ra驳辞峁ａ弓丑墨峁�u pulakitena kapolasthalen膩nur膩gasande艣amivop膩峁冡梗u ra峁嘺艣riya岣� 艣峁涐箛vantam, 贬补谤峁�a肠补谤颈迟补,II.p.32
[b] mah膩hal膩pagambh墨ragu峁嘺vad驳辞峁ａ弓丑墨艣copati峁ａ弓ham膩na岣�, Ibid.,I.p.19

[7]:

Ibid.,I.p.2

[8]:

辫耻谤腻 kila bhagav膩nsvalokamadhiti峁ａ弓hanparame峁ａ弓h墨 鈥︹��pariv峁泃o brahmody膩岣� 办补迟丑腻岣� kurvannany膩艣ca niravady膩 vidy膩go峁ａ弓hirbh膩vayan鈥�..vidy膩visa峁僾膩dak峁泃膩艣ca tatra te峁Ｄ乵anyonyasya vidy膩viv膩d膩岣� pr膩durabhavan, Ibid.

[9]:

amaragurun膩mapi praj帽膩yopah膩sadbhiranekakulakram膩gatai岣� 鈥︹��..prabuddhai艣c膩m膩tai岣� 辫补谤颈惫峁泃迟补岣� 蝉补尘腻苍补惫补测辞惫颈诲测腻濒补峁僰腻谤补颈鈥�.谤腻箩补辫耻迟谤补颈岣� saha ramam膩na岣� prathame鈥︹�︹�︹�︹�︹�︹��.sukhamaticiramuv膩sa, 碍腻诲补尘产补谤墨,p.20-21

[10]:

atha 艣补苍补颈岣� 艣anairatyud膩ravyavah峁泃irmanoh峁沶ti b峁沨anti 谤腻箩补办耻濒腻苍颈 v墨k峁�am膩峁嘺岣�,鈥�..mah膩rl膩pagambhiragu峁嘺vadgo峁ａ弓岣�i艣copati峁ａ弓岣�am膩na岣�,鈥�..svabh膩vagambh- 墨radh墨dhan膩ni vidagdhama峁囜笉al膩ni ca g膩ham膩na岣�.., 贬补谤峁�a肠补谤颈迟补,I.p.19-20

[11]:

atha te峁Ｄ佱箖 taru峁嚹佱箖 madhye n膩n膩de艣墨yai岣� 鈥︹��.sth膩峁嚺玭膩艣ritai岣� 艣il膩tale峁Ｅ玴avi峁ａ弓airlat膩bhavan膩nyadhy膩vasadbhiraravy膩n墨niku帽je峁�u nil墨nairvi峁璦pacch膩y膩峁�u ni峁�annaistarum奴l膩ni ni峁�evam膩nai鈥︹��..膩vedyam膩nam, Ibid.,VIII.p.128