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It is laid down in the 顿丑补谤尘补艣腻蝉迟谤补 that if a 艣奴诲谤补 assumes a position of equality with the dvijas in taking, sitting, on a couch, he shall undergo corporal punishment.^[1] It is described by 叠腻峁嘺 himself that his most intimate associates were his cousins Chandrasena and M膩t峁泂ena, sons of his uncle from the wife of a 艣奴诲谤补 caste.^[2] According to the 惭补苍耻蝉补峁僪颈迟腻-鈥�辫腻谤腻艣补惫补 means sprung from a 产谤腻丑尘补峁嘺 and a 艣奴诲谤补 蹿别尘补濒别.鈥�^[3]

Although there was a caste system at that time, the people could associate with different castes without ruining any serious risk of losing caste or position. After the death of 叠腻峁嘺鈥檚 father and mother, he led a wondering life and he had all types of friends and companies in his livelihood (although he was a 产谤腻丑尘补峁嘺), which came from different castes and from different occupations i.e.,

1. bhr膩tarau 辫腻谤腻艣补惫补u candrasenamat峁涐梗e峁嘺u (they were the sons of his uncle from wives of the 艣奴诲谤补 caste, p.19),
2. 惫补谤峁嘺办补惫颈 (panegyrist, p.19),
3. 辫谤腻办峁泃补办耻濒补辫耻迟谤补 (辫谤腻办峁泃 poets, p.19),
4. 办腻迟测腻测补苍颈办腻 (the elderly widow dressed in the ascetics red-robes, p.19),
5. 产丑颈峁�a办补辫耻迟谤补 (a young physician, p.19),
6. 肠颈迟谤补办腻谤补 (painter, p.19),
7. 办补濒腻诲补 (goldsmith, p.19),
8. 惫腻峁兣沬办补 (a flute player, p.19),
9. kitaba (a gambler, p.19),
10. 驳腻测补苍补 (a singer, p.19) etc.

It shows that there was no restriction for 产谤腻丑尘补峁嘺 to mix-up between the different castes or peoples.^[4] Also he cannot forget to mentions that some 产谤腻丑尘补峁嘺 did not mix-up with other castes of the societies^[5] in that time also. But, we have found the description of inter-caste marriages, which are permitted by the society and which was especially common.

From the description of his good number of friends who were from different castes, besides these friends such as鈥�sairindhra,^[6] i.e., a dasyu begets on a 腻测辞驳补惫补 (women) a sairindhra.^[7] According to the 厂补峁卥别迟补 commentary-their professing was beautician also.^[8] One friend was 尘腻谤诲补峁単颈办补^[9] i.e., who beats the 尘峁沝补峁単补,^[10] 辫耻蝉迟补办补惫腻肠补办补^[11] i.e., who make the dolls;^[12] 诲丑腻迟耻惫腻诲补惫颈诲补^[13] etc. implies there were many sub-castes at that time. Again, in then society, people gave the respect to the 产腻尘补苍补, badhira or such type of men; and they also enjoyed with other people without any hesitation.^[14]

From the above discussion it may be inferred that anuloma and pratiloma marriages continued in the then society. According to the 惭补苍耻蝉补峁僪颈迟腻s ons begotten by 产谤腻丑尘补峁嘺s on their lawfully married 惫补颈艣测补 wives are called ambasthas; sons begotten by 产谤腻丑尘补峁嘺s on their 艣奴诲谤补 wives are called 苍颈峁Ｄ乨补蝉 or 辫腻谤腻艣补惫补s.^[15] It is seen in the 贬补谤峁�a肠补谤颈迟补, there was no restriction making friendship between the higher caste and the lower caste. 叠腻峁嘺 himself declared that he had making friendship with different classes of peoples such as鈥�办腻迟测腻测补苍颈办腻, t膩mb奴lad膩yaka, 辫腻谤腻艣补惫补, 办补濒腻诲补, 濒腻蝉补办补, 苍补谤迟补办墨, 办峁�a辫补峁嘺办补, darduraka,maskar墨, etc., although he was a 产谤腻丑尘补峁嘺 in caste.^[16]

Again, we find the guilds (艣谤别峁嚹�) as occupational sub-castes in the 贬补谤峁�a肠补谤颈迟补. 艢谤别峁嚹� is the term for a body of people belonging to the same caste and profession.

Here find the members of 艣谤别峁嚹� are such as鈥�

1. the goldsmith (hairika, p.19),
2. artisans (办补濒腻诲补, p.19),
3. 迟腻尘产奴濒颈办补 (betel-seller, p.19),
4. 诲丑腻迟耻惫腻诲补惫颈诲补 (p.19) etc.

Therefore, 惭别诲丑腻迟颈迟丑颈, the commentator of On Manu mentions that occupational guilds did not cover wide area and 艣谤别峁嚹� is a body of traders and others who follow the same profession^[17] and illustrates by mentioning tradesmen, artisans, moneylenders, coach-drivers and so forth.^[18]

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

骋补耻迟补尘补诲丑补谤尘补蝉奴迟谤补,XII. 40-42

[2]:

贬补谤峁�a肠补谤颈迟补, I. p.19

[3]:

艣奴dr膩y膩峁� br膩hma峁嚹乼j膩ta岣�, 惭补苍耻蝉补峁僪颈迟腻,X.64

[4]:

sa峁僺tite ca pitari 尘补丑补迟腻 艣okena鈥︹��..ku峁�奴halavahalatay膩 ca v膩lasvabh膩vasya,鈥�. abhava峁兣沜膩sya vayas膩 蝉补尘腻苍腻岣�鈥︹��..bhr膩tarau candrasenamat峁泂enau, 鈥︹�Π炷宄俨饽宀獠共跃卑炷� cakrav膩kik膩, 鈥�..citrak峁泃v墨ravarm膩,鈥�.驳腻测补苍补u somilagrah膩dityau鈥︹��.., 贬补谤峁�a肠补谤颈迟补,I.p.19

[5]:

惫颈惫补谤箩颈迟补箩补苍补辫补峁卥迟补测补岣�, Ibid., I. p.18

[6]:

sairindhr墨 kur峁単ik膩, Ibid., I.p.19

[7]:

蝉补颈谤颈苍诲丑谤补峁� v膩gur膩v峁泃i峁� s奴te dasy奴r膩yogave, 惭补苍耻蝉补峁僪颈迟腻,10.32

[8]:

pras膩dhanopac膩raj帽膩 sairindhr墨 svava艣膩 sm峁泃膩, 贬补谤峁�a肠补谤颈迟补,p.74

[9]:

Ibid., I.p.19

[10]:

础尘补谤补办辞峁�a,II.10.13

[11]:

贬补谤峁�a肠补谤颈迟补,I.p.19

[12]:

础尘补谤补办辞峁�a,II.10.28

[13]:

贬补谤峁�a肠补谤颈迟补,I.p.19

[14]:

vilasadunmukhav膩manakabadhirav峁沶dave峁�tit膩岣モ�� nan峁泃u.., Ibid.,IV.p. 62

[15]:

brahman膩d惫补颈艣测补kany膩y膩manva峁ａ弓ho 苍腻尘补 j膩yaye | 苍颈峁Ｄ乨补岣� 艣奴诲谤补kany膩y膩峁� ya岣� 辫腻谤腻艣补惫补 ucyate || 惭补苍耻蝉补峁僪颈迟腻,X.8

[16]:

abhava峁兣沜膩sya vayas膩 蝉补尘腻苍腻岣� 蝉耻丑峁沝补岣� sah膩ya艣ca. tath膩 ca. bhr膩tarau 辫腻谤腻艣补惫补u candrasenamat峁泂e峁嘺u, 鈥�. 办腻迟测腻测补苍颈办腻 cakrav膩kik膩, 鈥�, t膩mb奴lad膩yaka艣ca峁囜笉aka岣�,鈥︹��. 办补濒腻诲补艣c膩m墨kara岣�, 鈥�..濒腻蝉补办补yuv膩 t膩峁囜笉avika岣�,鈥� 苍补谤迟补办墨 hari峁噄k膩,鈥� k峁�apa峁嘺ko 惫墨谤补诲别惫补岣�,鈥�.., d膩rduroko 诲腻尘辞诲补谤补岣�,.. maskar墨 迟腻尘谤补肠奴岣峚岣�, 贬补谤峁�a肠补谤颈迟补,I.p.19

[17]:

惭补苍耻蝉补峁僪颈迟腻,VIII.2

[18]:

Ibid., VIII.41