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In the Brahma Purana, there are stray references to measurements of time which are noted below.: In the Sat. Br. the following are the divisions of time: 15 idamis = etarhi; 15 etarhis = 15 etarhis = ksipra; 15 ksipras Muhurta, 15 muhurtas 15 muhurtas = day or night; 15 days = half month. Here the year is the highest unit of the measurement of time. 62 For more information regarding Vina, vide Vinaprapathaka and vinalaksana by Paramesvara, ed. by J. S. Pade, Gos, 1960.

446 The Yuga, Manvantara and Kalpa are not at all mentioned here. The Arthasastra of Kautilya mentions the following divisions of time, viz.: truti, lava, nimesa, kastha, kala, nalika, muhurta, forenoon, afternoon, day, night, paksa, month, Etu, ayana, year and yuga. He too does not mention Manavantara or Kalpa.64 The Manu-smrti, however, gives the following units of the measurements of time: 18 Nimesas Kastha; 63 30 Kasthas = Kala; 30 Kalas = Muhurta; 30 Muhurtas = Day and night and it further refers to Kalpas, Manuantaras and days of the manes and gods. 65 The Brahma Purana provides the following information regarding the measurements of time. If one starts counting from one sthana to another upto 18th sthana, the number obtained on the last sthana is called parardha. In the Visnucittiya commentary of the Visnupurana VI.3.4, the eighteen sthanas are given as follows: Eka, dasa, sata, sahasra, ayuta, laksa, prayuta, koti, arbuda, ak abja, kharva, nikharva, mahapadma, sanku, samudra, antya, madhya and pagrardha. These eighteen sthanas are ten time more than one another in its ascending order. The double of parardha is para which is the time of prakrta laya. 63 SBE, 44.168 ff. 64 Trans. 133 ff. 65 SBE, 25.20-4. 66 According to the commentary 66 Hindi Translation, P. 583, F.N. 1.

447 of Sridharasvamin on the same sloka of Visnupurana, the parardha is equal to kotikoti sahasra i.e. 1000000000000- 00000.87 of time. A nimesa forms the lowest unit in the measurement The time required by a nimesa is equal to that taken in pronouncing one matra. 15 nimesas = one kastha, 30 kasthas = one kala, 15 kalas = One nadika, 2 nadis = one muhurta, 30 muhurtas = one day-night, 30 day-nights = one month, twelve months = one year, one year = one day-night of gods; 360 years. = one year of gods; 12,000 divine years = one chaturyuga, one thousand chaturyugas = a day of lord Brahma = one kalpa - 14 manxantaras (231.4-12). This shows that the material of the Brahma Purana like that of Vayu, 68 closely resembles that of the Manu-smrti, the difference being that in the Brahma and Vayu 15 nimesas make a kastha while in Manu 18 nimesas are said to be equal to a kastha. Lord Siva is elsewhere described to Sa be kala, kastha, nimesa, yuga, samvatra, Rtu, Masa and Masardha (40.27, $8).