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eight angulas), hasta for measuring timber forests (fifty
four angulas), danda or dhanu or nalika (ninety-six
angulas), dhanu for measuring roads and fort-walls used
by carpenters (one hundred and eight angulas), goruta
(one thousand dhanus) and yojana (four gorutas). It
may be stated that Bh膩sa has referred to dhanu, kro艣a
and yojana as measures of distance. According to a
commentator on the Artha艣膩stra, a goruta (referred to
above) means a kro艣a. Thus, in the light of the lengths
given by Kautilya, one kro艣a will be equal to two
thousand yards and one yojana to four and a half British
miles.
Nalika was the period of time required for the
passing of one a岣峢aka of water from a pot through an
aperture made by a wire of four m膩sas of gold four
angulas in length.' N膩lik膩 was generally taken to be the
standard of the measure of time, though tru峁璱, lava (two
trutis), nimesa (two lavas ), k膩峁ａ弓h膩 (five nimesas) and
kal膩 (thirty k盲峁ａ弓h膩s) were the shorter measures, forty
kal膩s making one nalika. Two n膩lik膩s amounted to one
muhurta and fifteen muhurtas made one day or one night.
Fifteen days and nights together made one paksa
(fortnight), two pak峁�as made one m膩sa (month), two
m膩sas made one 峁泃u (season), three 峁泃us made one ayana
(solstice) and two ayanas made one samvatsara (varsa or
year). N膩lik膩 was equal to twenty four minutes and we
have already referred to the daily time-table of the king.
Our plays mention n膩lik膩, divasa, r膩tr墨 and var峁�a.
14 NUMISMATICS.*
The cow served as a medium of exchange, and
payments were made in cows in ancient India in the
Vedic age and the practice continued for a long time.
The cow was the higher unit of barter while shells, beads,
and cowries were the lower units. Gradually gold came
into vogue as a means of exchange, gold dust being found
washed away on the banks of the Indus in the Vedic age.
Dr. Bhandarkar maintains that niska was used as coined
there is no
sufficient evidence in support of the theory. The
1 Artha艣膩stra, II. 20, p. 107 - 啶膏�佮さ啶班�嵿ぃ啶�啶距し啶曕ぞ啶多�嵿�氞い啷嵿さ啶距ぐ啶多�嵿�氞い啷佮ぐ啶權�嵿�椸�佮げ啶距く啶距ぎ啶距�� 啶曕�佮ぎ啷嵿き啶氞�嵿�涏た啶︵�嵿ぐ啶�啶距あ啶曕ぎ啷嵿き啶膏��
啶掂ぞ 啶ㄠぞ啶侧た啶曕ぞ 啷� [suvar峁嘺m膩峁�ak膩艣catv膩ra艣catura峁単ul膩y膩m膩岣� kumbhacchidram膩岣峢akambhaso
v膩 n膩lik膩 | ] 2 Chakrabortty, Ancient Indian Numismatics, pp. 16-36; Brown, Coins
of India, pp. 13-21.
money in the period of the Rigveda; sed as coined