Ashta Nayikas and Dance Forms (study)
by V. Dwaritha | 2013 | 71,711 words
This page relates 鈥楶arakiya type of woman character鈥� of the study dealing with the Ashta-Nayikas鈥攁 classification of eight kinds of 鈥淗eroines鈥� representing the eight emotional states (avastha) employed in the classical Indian dance and performing arts (otherwise known as Natya Shastra). These Ashtanayikas reflect the eight types of romantic relationships and have hence formed the expressive subject of many classical painting, poems and dramatic plays.
Go directly to: Footnotes.
Part 4.2 - The 笔补谤补办墨测腻 type of woman character
She belongs to another hero. 笔补谤补办墨测腻, 础苍测腻, 础苍测补蝉迟谤墨, 笔补谤补蝉迟谤墨, are a few terms attributed to her.
啶ぐ啶曕啶ぞ 啶︵啶掂啶оぞ 啶曕え啷嵿く啶曕ぞ 啶ぐ啷嬥あ啶� 啶氞啶むた 啷�
parak墨y膩 dvedh膩 kanyak膩 paro岣峢膩 ceti |[1]
This 笔补谤补办墨测腻 is divided into two; -碍补苍测腻 and the 笔补谤辞岣峢腻.
啶むい啷嵿ぐ 啶曕え啷嵿く啶距い啷嵿さ啶ㄠ啶⑧ぞ 啶膏啶ぞ啶む 啶膏げ啶溹啶溹ぞ 啶た啶む啶ぞ啶侧た啶むぞ 啷�
啶膏啷�啶曕啶侧た啶粪 啶掂た啶膏啶班が啷嵿ぇ啶� 啶啶班ぞ啶 啶啶椸啶оぞ啶椸啶｀ぞ啶ㄠ啶掂た啶むぞ 啷�tatra kany膩tvan奴岣峢膩 sy膩t salajj膩 pit峁沺膩lit膩 |
sakh墨keli峁 visrabdh膩 pr膩yo mugdh膩gu峁嚹乶vit膩 ||[2]
If a girl under the headship of her father falls in love with a man, then she is a 碍补苍测腻 笔补谤补办墨测腻 as she is not the hero鈥檚 own. She is an example of Ayoga 艢峁涐箙驳腻谤补. She is still under the directives of her father and has to give prime importance to him. It is also to be remembered that she could be married away to another man by her father and then she would not belong to the hero. This 苍腻测颈办腻 is called the 碍补苍测腻 or the 础苍奴岣峢腻. This 苍腻测颈办腻 could either marry the man of her love and become his 厂惫墨测腻 or marry another man and continue her love affair with her paramour as his 笔补谤补办墨测腻.
笔补谤辞岣峢腻 is the next variety in a 笔补谤补办墨测腻.
啶呧え啷嵿く啷嬥あ啶距お啶� 啶むぅ啷堗い啶む啶膏ぐ啷嵿さ啶� 啶曕啶班啶む啶洁え啷佮ぐ啶距啶ぞ啶え啷嵿え啶� 啷�
啶ㄠぞ啶啶き啶苦く啷佮啷嵿啷嵿い啷� 啶膏ぞ 啶啶班啶侧啶き啶距さ啷囙え 啶啶班い啶多啶� 啷�anyo岣峢膩pi tathaitatsarva峁� kurute'nur膩gam膩pann膩 |
苍腻测补办补mabhiyu峁卥te s膩 pragalbhabh膩vena purata艣ca ||[3]啶ぞ啶む啶班ぞ啶︵た啶ㄠた啶班い啶距そ啶ㄠ啶啶⑧ぞ 啶曕啶侧啶� 啶椸げ啶苦い啶む啶班お啶� 啷�
y膩tr膩dinirat膩'nyo岣峢膩 kula峁� galitatrap膩 ||[4]
Devotion to one鈥檚 husband was a prerequisite to attain heaven. The 苍墨迟颈 艣腻蝉迟谤补蝉 of ancient India do not find place for passion and illicit enjoyment. Infidelity was not a trait of the 鲍迟迟补尘腻. In fact these kinds of deceitful characters were not even supposed to be principal characters in great works.
啶о啶班啶む啶班た啶む啶班い啶啶� 啶� 啶す啶距啶掂た啶啶班が啶ㄠ啶оさ啶距啷嵿く啶� 啷�
dh奴rtacaritratayaiva na mah膩kaviprabandhav膩cy膩 |[5]
啶ぐ啶ぐ啶苦ぃ啷�啶むぞ 啶ㄠぞ啶た啶曕ぞ 啶啶栢啶ぐ啶膏 啶夃う啶距す啶班啶む啶く啷嬥啷嵿く啶� 啷�
啶呧え啷傕あ啶� 啶曕え啷嵿く啶曕ぞ 啶む 啶椸啶｀ぎ啷佮啷嵿く啷� 啶� 啶班じ啷� 啶夃う啶距す啶班啶む啶� 啶啶椸啶啶む啶ぐ啷嵿ぅ啶� 啷�parapari峁嚹玹膩 苍腻测颈办腻 mukhyarase ud膩hartumayogy膩 |
an奴岣峢膩 kanyak膩 tu gau峁嘺mukhye ca rase ud膩hartu峁� yogyetyartha岣� |[6]
鈥淚n fact, adultery has been seriously dealt with in Indian scriptures long since the bold declaration of the Ch膩ndogya Upani峁d (V.10.9), where it has been branded as one of the five great sins.鈥�[7] This kind of 笔补谤补办墨测腻 does not get a mention in Bharata鈥檚 狈腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补. The first mention of her is in 搁耻诲谤补峁璦鈥檚 碍腻惫测腻濒补峁卥腻谤补. Poets say that a 厂惫墨测腻 wishes for union, while the 笔补谤补办墨测腻 wishes for both union and money and the 厂腻尘腻苍测腻 wishes for only money.
This was how a 笔补谤补办墨测腻 was thought about.
啶啶椸啶啶膏さ啶� 啶膏啶啶� 啶膏啶掂啶ぞ啶多啶氞啶︵え啷嵿く啶� 啶啶椸ぇ啶ㄠ啶啶膏さ啶� 啷�
啶呧ぐ啷嵿ぅ啷囙お啷嵿じ啶掂 啶膏啶啶班啶椸ぃ啶苦啶距じ啷嵿い啶距じ啷嵿い啶ムぞ 啶掂ぐ啷嵿ぃ啶啶む啶曕さ啶苦 啷�bhogepsava岣� syu岣� sv墨y膩艣cedany膩 bhogadhanepsava岣� ||
arthepsava岣� syurga峁噄k膩st膩stath膩 var峁嘺yetkavi岣� |[8]
The end of the 11th century saw a sea of change in the colour of 笔补谤补办墨测腻. 鈥�Sanskrit secular poem takes a profound mystical turn in the 痴补颈峁ａ箛补惫补 lyrics, where 笔补谤补办墨测腻 becomes a key to salvation, and 础产丑颈蝉腻谤颈办腻 the seat of all siddhi (辫别谤蹿别肠迟颈辞苍).鈥�[9] Jayadeva, 痴颈诲测腻辫补迟颈 and 颁补峁囜笉墨诲腻蝉补 were the primary sanctifiers of 笔补谤补办墨测腻. 搁腻诲丑腻 was identified with the eternal 笔补谤补办墨测腻 who loves the man other than her husband.
In their lyrics, 搁腻诲丑腻 is considered a 笔补谤辞岣峢腻 who has to face many hardships when she goes to meet 碍峁涐梗峁嘺.
鈥淭丑别 power and single mindedness of her love for 碍峁涐梗峁嘺 render her oblivious to the hardships through which she must pass on her way to meet him (碍峁涐梗峁嘺).鈥�[10]
鈥淒enial by the society creates a challenging zest in the 笔补谤补办墨测腻. Adultery in which physical possession becomes a sheer impossibility, is, therefore, conceived as an apt ideal for delineating this clandestine relationship of 搁腻诲丑腻 and 碍峁涐梗峁嘺.鈥�[11] 鈥淭丑别 love between the 驳辞辫墨蝉 (particularly 搁腻诲丑腻) and Krishna has been delineated as the love of the real woman for a real man.鈥�[12]
She had a husband and family for which she was answerable in this world, while she wished a union with the 笔补谤补尘腻迟尘腻 (苍腻测补办补). She was the 闯墨惫腻迟尘腻 yearning to merge with the 辫补谤补尘腻迟尘腻.
A unique classification of 笔补谤辞岣峢腻 is given in 搁补蝉补尘补帽箩补谤墨:
啶椸啶啶むぞ-啶侧啷嵿し啶苦い啶�-啶掂た啶︵啷嵿ぇ啶�-啶曕啶侧啶�-啶洁え啷佮ざ啶ぞ啶ㄠぞ-啶啶︵た啶むぞ-啶啶班き啷冟い啷�啶ㄠぞ啶� 啶ぐ啶曕啶ぞ啶ぞ啶啶掂ぞ啶ㄠ啶むぐ啷嵿き啶距さ啶� 啷� 啶椸啶啶むぞ 啶む啶班た啶掂た啶оぞ-啶掂啶む啶�-啶膏啶班い啶椸啶え啶�, 啶掂ぐ啷嵿い啶苦し啷嵿く啶ぞ啶｀じ啷佮ぐ啶む啷嬥お啶ㄠぞ 啶掂啶む啶むさ啶班啶むた啶粪啶ぎ啶距ぃ-啶膏啶班い啶椸啶え啶� 啶� 啷�
gupt膩-lak峁t膩-vidagdh膩-kula峁�-'nu艣ay膩n膩-mudit膩-prabh峁泃墨n膩峁� parak墨y膩y膩mev膩ntarbh膩va岣� | gupt膩 trividh膩-v峁泃ta-suratagopan膩, varti峁am膩峁嘺suratagopan膩 v峁泃tavarti峁am膩峁嘺-suratagopan膩 ca |[13]
骋耻辫迟腻 is one who conceals. She is of three types -the one who conceals past affairs, the one who conceals future affairs and the one who conceals both.
啶掂た啶︵啷嵿ぇ啶� 啶� 啶︵啶掂た啶掂た啶оぞ 啶曕啶班た啶ぞ啶掂た啶︵啷嵿ぇ啶� 啶掂ぞ啶椸啶掂た啶︵啷嵿ぇ啶� 啶� 啷�
vidagdh膩 ca dvividh膩 kriy膩vidagdh膩 v膩gvidagdh膩 ca |[14]
痴颈诲补驳诲丑腻 is a clever woman. She is of two types鈥揷lever in action and clever in speech. 尝补办峁迟腻 is one whose affair is disclosed or known to the whole world. 碍耻濒补峁� is an unchaste woman.
啶膏ぞ 啶む 啶呧え啷佮ざ啶ぞ啶ㄠぞ 啶む啶班た啶掂た啶оぞ 啶さ啶むた 啷� 啶掂ぐ啷嵿い啶ぞ啶ㄠじ啷嵿ぅ啶ㄠさ啶苦啶熰え啷囙え 啶ぞ啶掂た啶膏啶ムえ啶距き啶距さ啶多啷嵿啶ぞ 啶膏啶掂ぞ啶ㄠぇ啶苦し啷嵿啶苦い啶� 啶膏啷嵿啷囙い啶膏啶ムげ啶� 啶啶班い啶� 啶ぐ啷嵿い啷佮ぐ啶距啶え啶距え啶距啶え啷囙え 啶� 啷�
s膩 tu anu艣ay膩n膩 trividh膩 bhavati | vartam膩nasthanavigha峁璦nena bh膩visthan膩bh膩va艣a峁卥ay膩 sv膩nadhi峁ａ弓hita峁� sa峁卥etasthala峁� prati bhartur膩gaman膩n膩gamanena ca |[15]
础苍耻艣补测腻苍腻 is the one who is associated to the meeting place. She is of three types -the one whose present meeting place is destroyed, the one whose future meeting place is destroyed and the one who is unable to reach the meeting place and is anxiously thinking that the hero has already arrived. 惭耻诲颈迟腻 is one who is happy at her success in love. 碍补苍测补办腻 is an unmarried girl.
Total number of 笔补谤补办墨测腻 狈腻测颈办腻蝉-Though it was just seen that there are so many more divisions in a 笔补谤补办墨测腻, these are not widely accepted, thus boiling down to the divisions being just two-碍补苍测腻 and 笔补谤辞岣峢腻.
Footnotes and references:
[1]:
搁补蝉补办补濒颈办腻, 14.
[2]:
搁补蝉腻谤峁嘺惫补蝉耻诲丑腻办补谤补, I. cvii. 28.
[3]:
碍腻惫测腻濒补峁卥腻谤补, XII. xxxvi. 385.
[4]:
S膩hitya Darpa峁嘺, III. lxvi. 193.
[5]:
搁补蝉补办补濒颈办腻, 15.
[7]:
Mystic eros, 78.
[8]:
叠丑腻惫补辫谤补办腻艣补苍补, IV. cxlvi. 135.
[9]:
Dash, Mystic eros, 183.
[10]:
Yvonne yazbeck Haddad and Ellison Banks Findly, eds., Women,Religion and Social Change (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1985), 228, www.questia.com.
[11]:
Mystic eros, 180, 189.
[13]:
搁补蝉补尘补帽箩补谤墨, 71.
[14]:
Ibid., 75.
[15]:
Ibid., 81.