365bet娱乐

Learning is considered a highest esteem among Indian society, that every person had to undergo and hence the first stage of human life (brahmacarya) is dedicated to it. Learning or knowledge is identified with the goddess of learning (厂补谤补蝉惫补迟墨). The subjects of study were the Vedas, 痴别诲腻峁単补蝉, 滨迟颈丑腻蝉补, 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 and other classes of literature as mentioned in 础尘补谤补办辞艣补 叠谤腻岣�m补峁嘺 being enjoined with the duties of learning and teaching, most of the education related terms are found in Brahma varga (II. 7). An exclusive section on words 艢abd膩di varga (I. 5) also contains much information on the same. Some of the interesting notes and remarks of 碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 in the commentary throw considerable light on the prevailing system of education.

(a) 鲍辫腻诲丑腻测补, adhy膩paka, 腻肠腻谤测补 and guru (I. 7. 7; p. 164)

These are terms denoting a teacher. Yet there are differences in these terms as 础尘补谤补办辞艣补 marks the subtle distinctions in the use of these terms. 碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 explains them as follows鈥�鲍辫腻诲丑腻测补 is one who teaches when approached鈥�upetyadh墨yate 膩sm膩dup膩dhy膩ya岣� |

(b) Guru:

Manu (II. 142) quoted by 碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 defines a guru as one who performs the 蝉补峁僺办腻谤补蝉 and maintains the student by providing him with food鈥�

驳峁涐箛腻迟测耻辫补诲颈艣补迟颈 驳耻谤耻岣� | yanmanu岣モ��
ni峁�ek膩d墨ni karm膩峁噄 ya岣� karoti yath膩vidhi |
sa峁僢h膩vayati c膩nnena sa vipro gururucyate ||
ni峁�eko garbh膩dh膩navidhi岣� | 膩di艣abd膩tpu峁僺avana鈥攕墨mantonnayanaj膩takarma鈥�n膩makara峁嚹乶napr膩艣ana cau岣峯panayan膩d墨ni |

(c) 膧c膩rya鈥�

碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 observes that the term 腻肠腻谤测补 is variously employed according to time and place.

Accordingly he explains that 腻肠腻谤测补 is one who is worth worship. Nirukta (I. 2. 2) declares him to be the one who makes the student understand the right course of conduct.

碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 observes that according to Manu (II. 140) 腻肠腻谤测补鈥搃s one who initiates the student in the Vedic lores, teaches the Vedas and the 痴别诲腻峁単补蝉 in toto and explains all its nuances well鈥�

腻肠补谤补峁嚹珁补岣� sevya 腻肠腻谤测补岣� 腻肠腻谤补峁� gr膩hayat墨ti nairukt膩岣� |
mantravy膩khy膩k峁沝ved膩dhy膩pan膩dvi艣i峁ａ弓膩khy膩dupanayanena dvijatv膩pad膩n膩t |
测补诲腻丑补 upan墨ya tu ya岣� 艣颈峁�y补峁� 惫别诲补尘补诲丑测腻辫补测别诲 诲惫颈箩补岣� |
sakalpa峁� sarahasya峁� ca tam腻肠腻谤测补峁� pracak峁�ate |

(d) 罢墨谤迟丑补 (II. 7. 12; p. 165):

罢墨谤迟丑补 is another term for a teacher. 碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 explains that the term signifies a guru etymologically meaning鈥�

鈥榃ith whose help or guidence ignorance is crossed over鈥�

tarantyanen膩vidy膩峁� t墨rtha 驳耻谤耻岣� |

From these explanations it is inferred that an 鲍辫腻诲丑测腻测补 specialised in a particular b ranch of learning and teaches the seeker while guru a tutor of primary education, or any elder and an 腻肠腻谤测补 is a teacher of highest status. Also the 腻肠腻谤测补 moulds the student who imbibes every quality of the teacher and thus the practice of naming the student after the 腻肠腻谤测补 was prevelant from ancient times as鈥�膧辫颈艣腻濒补 and 笔腻峁噄苍墨测补 the student of 膧辫颈艣补濒补 and 笔腻峁噄苍颈.

In later literature/ philosophy guru is the highest grade of teacher who dispels the ignorance of the pupil鈥�

gu 补苍诲丑补办腻谤补 ru niv膩raka^[1].

There were also female teachers denoted as 鲍辫腻诲丑测腻测腻 and 腻肠腻谤测腻 distinct from the wives of teachers 耻辫腻诲丑测腻测墨 or 腻肠腻谤测腻峁嚹�^[2].

Footnotes and references:

[back to top]

[1]:

础诲惫补测补迟腻谤补办辞辫补苍颈峁�a迟 (16)鈥�
gu艣abdastv补苍诲丑补办腻谤补岣� sy膩t ru艣abdastanniv膩raka岣� |
膩ndhak膩ranirodhitv膩t gururityabhidh墨yate ||

[2]:

They have already been dealt with in the Chapter III鈥揝ocial Aspects under section on 鈥淧osition of women鈥�.