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Unit of time	Its span or duration as in 础尘补谤补办辞艣补	碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍' s remarks	础谤迟丑补艣腻蝉迟谤补 (II.20)
狈颈尘别峁�a	-	The time taken for winking of the eye鈥� nime峁�o'k峁�ispandak膩la岣� |	2 lavas
1 碍腻峁ａ弓丑腻 (I. 4. 11; p. 34)	18 狈颈尘别峁�as	-	5 狈颈尘别峁�as
碍补濒腻 (I. 4. 11; p. 34)	30 碍腻峁ａ弓丑补蝉	-	30 碍腻峁ａ弓丑补蝉
碍峁�a峁嘺 (I. 4. 11; p. 34) (III. 3. 47;p.281)	30 碍补濒腻s	1/60 苍腻岣峣办腻蝉鈥� 办腻濒补惫颈艣别峁�o n膩岣峣k膩峁�a峁ａ弓膩峁兣沘岣� |	-
罢谤耻峁璱 (III. 3.37;p.278)	-	2 办峁�a峁嘺蝉鈥� 迟谤耻峁璱岣� 办腻濒别'lpe k峁�a峁嘺dvaye |
惭耻丑奴谤迟补	12 碍峁�a峁嘺s	2 驳丑补峁璱办补蝉鈥� te 办峁�a峁嚹� 诲惫腻诲补艣补 muhuriyarti muh奴rto dvigha峁璱kam |	2 狈腻岣峣办腻蝉
础丑辞谤腻迟谤补	30 尘耻丑奴谤迟补蝉	te muh奴rt膩stri峁兣沘dahn膩sahit膩 谤腻迟谤颈谤补丑辞谤腻迟谤补岣�	30 尘耻丑奴谤迟补蝉
笔补办峁�a	15 础丑辞谤腻迟谤补	迟别'丑辞谤腻迟谤腻岣� 辫补帽肠补诲补艣补 pacati 产丑奴迟腻苍颈 辫补办峁�a岣�	-

(a) 笔补办峁�a (I. 3. 12; p. 34)鈥�

[Fortnight:]

础尘补谤补办辞艣补 defines that the month is comprised of two fortnights the bright and dark.

碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 explains that in reckoning the calender with respect to the moon, a month has the bright fortnight as former (where the moon waxes) and dark fortnight as latter (where the moon wanes)鈥�

艣uklo 尘腻蝉补sya p奴rva辫补办峁�a岣� k峁涐梗峁嘺stvapara岣� yata艣caitrasit膩dy膩 尘腻蝉腻岣� ||

(b) M膩sa (I. 3. 13; p. 34)鈥�

[Month:]

碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 derives the word in two ways to suit the various calender reckonings.

To suit the 肠腻苍诲谤补尘腻苍补 reckoning, 碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 derives the word 尘腻蝉补 to mean 鈥榯hat which belongs to the moon鈥�. To suit any other calender reckoning namely the Saura, 厂腻惫补苍补 or 狈腻办峁�a迟谤补 the word 尘腻蝉补 is derived as:

鈥楾hat which measures or by which it is measured鈥欌��

m膩艣candrastasy膩ya峁� 尘腻蝉补 iti nirvacanena c膩ndre峁嘺 m膩nen膩yam |
蝉补耻谤补蝉腻惫补苍补鈥敳阅灏灬梗a迟谤补m膩naistvanyath膩 masyati mim墨te v膩 |

Thus, it could be percieved that by the time of 碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 four^[1] kinds of calender reckonings were well established, namely 颁腻苍诲谤补尘腻苍补, 厂补耻谤补尘腻苍补, 厂腻惫补苍补 and 狈腻办峁�a迟谤补.

The 厂颈诲诲丑腻苍迟补艣颈谤辞尘补峁噄 (I. 19-20) explains these reckonings as follows鈥�

鈥楾he time taken by the sun to complete one revolution with respect to the stars is the 厂补耻谤补尘腻苍补 which is one day for the gods and the demons; the time that elapses between two consecutive new moons or conjunctions of the moon with the sun is called a 肠腻苍诲谤补尘腻苍补 or a lunar month or simply lunation. This is a day for the manes; The time that elapses between two consecutive sunrises at a place is termed the 厂腻惫补苍补 day or civil day. This is called the 蝉补耻谤补蝉腻惫补苍补 day and it is also the day of the earth; the 苍腻办峁�a迟谤补 day is the time taken by the stars to go round the earth once:

谤补惫别艣肠补办谤补产丑辞驳辞谤办补惫补谤峁�a峁� 辫谤补诲颈峁ａ弓补峁� dyur膩tra峁� ca dev膩sur膩峁嚹佱箖 tadeva ||
rav墨ndoryute岣� sa峁儁utiry膩vadany膩 vidhor尘腻蝉补 etacca paitra峁� dyur膩tram |
inodayadvay膩ntara峁� tadarka蝉腻惫补苍补峁� dinam ||
tadeva medin墨dina峁� bhav膩surastu 产丑补产丑谤补尘补岣� |

The 叠谤腻丑尘补蝉辫丑耻峁璦蝉颈诲诲丑腻苍迟补 quoted by Utpala on 叠峁沨补迟蝉补峁僪颈迟腻 (II. p. 40) says that from the saura reckoning one derives the extent of yuga, the year, 惫颈峁�u惫补迟, ayana, seasons, the increase and decrease in the length of the day and night; from the 肠腻苍诲谤补 the details about tithis, 办补谤补峁嘺, intercalary month or 办峁�a测补 month, all acts to be performed at night; from 蝉腻惫补苍补 reckoning sacrifices, the savanas (the three soma libations) the motions of planets, fast, impurities on birth and death, medical treatment, expiations and other religious rites.

The synonyms of 12 months and six seasons are named by 础尘补谤补办辞艣补 (I. 3. 15-20; pp. 34-5).

The names of 12 months are鈥�

1. 尘腻谤驳补艣墨谤峁�a,
2. 辫补耻峁�a,
3. 尘腻驳丑补,
4. 辫丑腻濒驳耻苍补,
5. caitra,
6. 惫补颈艣腻办丑补,
7. 箩测别峁ａ弓丑补,
8. 腻峁Ｄ佱笉丑补,
9. 艣谤腻惫补峁嘺,
10. 产丑腻诲谤补辫补诲补,
11. 腻艣惫颈苍补 and
12. 办腻谤迟颈办补.

The names of six seasons are鈥�

1. hemanta,
2. 艣颈艣颈谤补,
3. vasanta,
4. 驳谤墨峁�m补,
5. 惫补谤峁Ｄ� and
6. 艣补谤补诲.

(c) Vatsara, 厂补峁僾补迟蝉补谤补 (I. 3. 13, 20; p. 34-5)鈥�

[Year:]

础尘补谤补办辞艣补 defines a year^[2] of comprising two ayanas, each ayana consisting six seasons or 峁泃耻蝉 and each 峁泃耻 comprising of 2 months. 础尘补谤补办辞艣补 mentions that the year begins with the month 尘腻谤驳腻.

But 碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 observes that the year begins with the month 尘腻驳丑补鈥�

m膩gh膩dyupakramastato'yan膩rambh膩t |

碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 quotes 碍腻迟测补 who also opines that the year begins with 尘腻谤驳腻 month or the Hemanta峁泃耻鈥�

测补迟办腻迟测补岣� 腻诲腻测补 尘腻谤驳补艣墨r峁Ｄ乧ca dvau dvau m膩s膩v峁泃耻岣� sm峁泃a岣� | hemant膩ddhi vatsarasy膩rambha岣� |

Thus 础尘补谤补办辞艣补 suggests the year begins with the month 尘腻谤驳补 (尘腻谤驳补艣墨谤峁�a) while 碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 opines that the year begins with 尘腻驳丑补 month.

In ancient times the year began in different months in different parts of India and for different purposes. At present the year begins either in caitra or 办腻谤迟迟颈办补 in different parts of India.

Many Vedic passages show that the reckoning was 辫奴谤峁噄尘腻苍迟补 and that the year began after the full moon of 辫丑腻濒驳耻苍补 and that vasanta was the first season of the year. It is due to this that 惭腻诲丑补惫补 says in his 碍腻濒补苍颈谤峁嘺测补 (p. 63) that the 艢谤耻迟颈 insists on the 辫奴谤峁噄尘腻苍迟补 month (辫补耻谤峁嘺尘腻蝉测补苍迟补迟惫别 艣rute岣� ka峁�膩k峁�o bh奴y膩n). The 厂尘峁泃颈肠补苍诲谤颈办腻 (p. 377) notes that the 补尘腻苍迟补 reckoning is followed in Deccan and 辫奴谤峁噄尘腻苍迟补 in northern India.

The 痴别诲腻峁単补箩测辞迟颈峁�a says that the first year of the cycle of five years began in 尘腻驳丑补 艣耻办濒补 i.e., at the winter solstice. Alberuni mentions that the year began in caitra, 产丑腻诲谤补辫补诲补, 办腻谤迟迟颈办补, 尘腻谤驳补艣墨谤峁�a in different parts of India.

The etymology rendered by 碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 for 蝉补峁僾补迟蝉补谤补 is noteworthy that,

鈥業t is in which all seasons exist together or in which the seasons change鈥�.

He justifies his view by quoting the text of 叠丑腻驳耻谤颈 and thus opines that the word parivatsara can also be used to denote a year鈥�

sa峁僾asanti 峁泃avo'smin 蝉补峁僾补迟蝉补谤补岣�, 峁泃耻parivart膩tm膩 hyasau yadbh膩guri岣�鈥�sarvartuparivartastu sm峁泃a岣� sa峁僾atsaro budhai岣� | parivatsaropi |

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

The N膩rada sa峁僪it膩 (III. 1-2) mentions nine kinds of reckonings of time viz.,

1. 产谤腻丑尘补 (of Brahma),
2. daiva (of the gods),
3. 尘腻苍耻峁�a (human),
4. paitrya (of the manes),
5. saura,
6. 蝉腻惫补苍补,
7. 肠腻苍诲谤补,
8. 苍腻办峁�a迟谤补 and
9. 产腻谤丑补蝉辫补迟测补;

But in ordinary worldly matters only five of these are employed:

产谤腻丑尘补峁� 诲补颈惫补峁� 尘腻苍耻峁�a峁� ca paitrya峁� 蝉补耻谤补峁� ca 蝉腻惫补苍补峁� ||
肠腻苍诲谤补m膩rk峁�a峁� gurorm膩namiti m膩n膩ni vai nava |
别峁Ｄ� tu nava 尘腻苍腻峁� vyavah膩ro'tra pa帽cabhi岣� |
t别峁Ｄ佱箖 辫峁泃丑补办 辫峁泃丑补办 办腻谤测补峁� 惫补办峁�y补迟别 惫测补惫补丑腻谤补迟补岣� ||

[2]:

dvau dvau 尘腻谤驳腻di 尘腻蝉补u sy膩d峁泃耻蝉tairayanam tribhi岣� | 膩yane dve gatirudag dak峁�i峁嚹乺kasya 惫补迟蝉补谤补岣� |