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Puranic encyclopaedia

by Vettam Mani | 1975 | 609,556 words | ISBN-10: 0842608222

This page describes the Story of Pancali included the Puranic encyclopaedia by Vettam Mani that was translated into English in 1975. The Puranas have for centuries profoundly influenced Indian life and Culture and are defined by their characteristic features (panca-lakshana, literally, ‘the five characteristics of a Purana�).

Story of ñī

ٰܱ貹ī, wife of the ṇḍ.

i). Previous births. ñī had many previous births. During all these births many gods blessed her saying that she would have five husbands when she was born as the daughter of Drupada. Stories about her previous births lying scattered in the ʳܰṇa are given below:�

ī.

When and ṣmṇa were in exile in the forest with ī, Agni came to 峾 once and told him in private thus: "Oh 峾, you have incarnated on earth to kill 屹ṇa. The time for that is drawing nigh and ere long 屹ṇa would carry away ī. It is not proper that ī, the incarnation of ṣmī, should be touched by 屹ṇa. Therefore I shall keep ī safe with me and I am giving you a phantom ī to be with you in her stead." Śrī 峾 took the Māyāsītā from Agni without even ṣmṇa knowing it and handed over the original ī to the custody of Agni.

While thus Śrī 峾, ṣmṇa and Māyāsītā were living together in their hermitage a golden deer was seen one day in the precincts of their ś. ī was enamoured of the beautiful deer and wanted it. So 峾 keeping ṣmṇa to watch over ī went in search of the deer. Śrī 峾 tried his best to capture the deer alive. But all his efforts failed and by that time he had come far from the ś following the deer. So he discharged an arrow and killed it. While falling dead the deer raised a cry imitating that of 峾’s and called ṣmṇa for help. The deer was none other than ī, the uncle of 屹ṇa. On hearing the call for help ṣmṇa rushed to the spot from where the sound came and ī was left alone for some time. 屹ṇa came to the ś at that time and took the Māyāsītā away to ṅk.

峾 and ṣmṇa went to ṅk with an army of monkeys and after killing 屹ṇa took back ī to ǻ. Then 峾 in deference to public opinion put ī into the fire to test her purity. At that time god Agni taking back Māyāsītā gave the real ī to 峾, unscathed by the fire. Then, when Māyāsītā was thus abandoned by 峾 she bowed down before Śrī 峾 and Agni and asked them thus "What am I to do now? Where should I go?" They advised her to go to ʳṣk and do penance there and blessed her saying that at the successful end of her penance she would become Svargalakṣmī. ʲś was pleased by her penance and appearing before her asked her what boon she wanted. Māyāsītā who had become Svargalakṣmī by then requested Ś to give her a husband. She repeated the request 'ʲپ� dehi' (Give me a husband) five times and Ś said that she would have five husbands in her next life as the daughter of the King of ñ with the name ṛṣṇ�. (9th Skandha, Devī Bhāgavata).

ii) Nālāyaṇ� (Ի). Once there was an aged sage named Maudgalya. Nālāyaṇ� alias Ի was the wife of Maudgalya. Even though the wife was young and the husband old, Nālāyaṇ� was very chaste. The sage became very old, grey-haired and rugous, skeletonlike with a foul smell emanating from his body. He was always in an angry mood. Still Nālāyaṇ� stuck to him as a chaste, loving and dutiful wife. As time passed on Maudgalya became a leper. One day while the sage was eating, a finger of his broke and fell into the rice. With great calmness and devotion Nālāyaṇ� removed the finger from the rice and ate the rice. Greatly pleased at this act of hers the sage asked her what boon she wanted an she replied she desired to have an amorous life with him as Pañcaśarīra. Maudgalya granted her the boon and they both travelled the whole world enjoying an amorous life. When the sage took the form of a mountain Nālāyaṇ� became a river and when the sage took the shape of a flowering tree she became a creeper on it. They spent thousands of years like that and then Maudgalya became tired of a sexual life and returned to the ascetic life. Even after such a long period of erotic life Nālāyaṇ� was still lustful and she resented the decision of her husband to go back to the life of a hermit. She begged her husband to continue the same life for some more time. Maudgalya got cross when she thus caused hindrance to his penance and cursed her saying that she would in her next life be born as the daughter of the King of ñ when she would have five husbands to satisfy her lust. Greatly grieved at this curse she practised severe austerities standing in the midst of ʲñ岵Ծ. Pleased with her penance Ś appeared before her and blessed her saying that she would be born in her next birth in a very noble family and she would then have five husbands, good-natured, doing godly work and equal in valour to Indra. She then pleaded that she should be granted the boon to remain a virgin during the coitus with each of her husbands. Ś granted that wish. Then Ś sent her to the river Ҳṅg, and asked her to fetch a beautiful young man whom she would be seeing there. Accordingly she went to the river to do as she was directed.

At that time all the devas joined together and performed a Yāga at ṣārṇy. , the god of Death, was one of the chief priests for the function. The Yāga lasted for a long time and since was consecrated for the Yāga he did not attend to his duties as the god of Death. Death came to a dead stop and men increased in alarming numbers and the devas were perplexed. They went to and acquainted him with the frightening situation. sent them to ṣārṇy. They went there and were talking to when they saw a few golden flowers coming down the river. Getting curious Indra walked up the river to locate the origin of these flowers. When he reached the place of origin of Ҳṅg he saw Nālāyaṇ� there. Nālāyaṇ� took the beautiful young man to Ś. Ś was at that time engaged in a game of dice with ī and Indra did not then recognise Ś. Indra in his arrogance argued that the whole universe belonged to him. Ś jumped up enraged and ran after Indra who ran to the mouth of a cave. Ś caught him and said that he would show him four Indras inside that cave. Both of them entered the cave and to the amazement of Indra he saw four other Indras sitting inside the cave. They were all the creation of Ś and with the original Indra the number of Indras came to five. Then addressing Nālāyaṇ� who had followed them Ś said, "Oh beautiful girl, do not be worried. All these five are your husbands. You will be born as the daughter of the King of ñ. Then all these five will be born in the lunar race and will marry you."

The Indras agreed to be born on earth and do the work of God. After that they all went to Ѳ屹ṣṇ and requested him to give them mighty accomplices to fulfil their mission. Then Ѳ屹ṣṇ plucked two hairs from his body, one white and the other black, and dropped them on the ground. The black hair was born as Śrī ṛṣṇa and the white hair was born as , to help the ṇḍ later.

ñī’s two previous births can be explained thus: Agnideva created Māyāsītā who in turn became Svargalakṣmī to be born as ñī. Māyāsītā was a part of Ѳṣmī and so also Nālāyaṇ� who became ñī was a part of ṣmī. ṇḍ are known to be the sons of five gods and they used for the procreation of the ṇḍ Indrāṃśa (part of Indra) thus making them all Indras. (Chapters 197 and 198, Ādi Parva).

Birth of ñī.

ñī was born in the palace of Drupada, King of ñ. She had a brother named ٳṛṣṭaܳԲ. There is a story about their birth in the ʳܰṇa:

Drupada insulted ٰṇa his classmate in the Gurukula and ٰṇa kept in mind the insult to wreak vengeance on Drupada. Drupada, therefore, wanted a son to be born who would defeat ٰṇa in a battle. Brahmins advised him to conduct a Yāga for that purpose. He decided to conduct one on a large scale and went about in search of a Yajvā (one who performs sacrifices according to Vedic rites) and reached Kalmāṣapurī on the banks of the river Ҳṅg. There he saw a brahmin’s house where lived two sages named Yāja and Upayāja. They were in figure and nature alike. At first Drupada went to the younger of the two, Upayāja. He went near him and after massaging his feet and legs requested him to officiate in a Yāga aimed at getting for him a son to conquer ٰṇa in a battle. He promised to give him ten crores of cattle for that and also anything else the sage wanted. These promises did not make the sage consent to conduct the Yāga and so the King stayed at the ś serving the sage. A year went by and one day the sage appeared cheerful and told Drupada thus: "Oh King, my brother who was walking one day in a storm saw a fruit lying on his way and ate it without first ascertaining whether the fruit was pure or not. Again, I have seen him taking food from others freely and eating it. I think he is wishful about wealth and, perhaps, if you approach him he may help you."

Drupada went to Yāja and after serving him to please him made his request promising him much wealth. Yāja was ready to perform the ۲ñ. Upayāja came to them at that time and Yāja consulted his brother before going to perform the ۲ñ. The Yāga was successfully conducted and at the end the priest Yāja called the wife of Drupada and gave her havya (clarified butter). Because the havya was prepared by Yāja and was offered by Upayāja the sages said that the queen would get two children. While Yāja was offering oblations to the sacrificial fire a boy with a crown on his head and bearing a sword and a bow in his hands rose from the fire. The ṛṣis present there then said that, that boy would kill ٰṇa. He was named ٳṛṣṭaܳԲ. Then from the dais of the Yāga-fire emerged a beautiful lady of dazzling brilliance. Immediately a voice from heaven was heard to say thus: "This Sumadhyamā (a girl in her blossoming youth) would work on the side of God and will cause terror to the Kauravas."

Yāja blessed the wife of Drupada saying that the two children would thenceforth call her mother. Yāja himself named the boy ٳṛṣṭaܳԲ and the girl according to the ethereal voice, ṛṣṇ�. ṛṣṇ� was dark in complexion. ṛṣṇ� was called Pārṣaṭ� because she was the grand-daughter of ṛṣٲ and ٰܱ貹ī because she was the daughter of Drupada and ñī because she was the daughter of the King of ñ. ñī grew up in the palace of Drupada. (Chapter 167, Ādi Parva).

Marriage.

After escaping from the lac palace the ṇḍ reached a village named after walking a long time through the forests. There they stayed in a brahmin’s house. Every morning they would go in disguise for begging and return with the alms in the evening. This was their daily routine and one day while they were in their daily round they saw a group of brahmins and they said they were going to the ⲹṃv of the daughter of the King of ñ. The brahmins invited them also to come along with them describing in detail the beauty of the girl and the elaborate and festive arrangements made for the marriage. The ṇḍ went to ñ along with the brahmins. On the way they met ձ岹 and receiving blessings from him they went to the capital city of ñ and took their abode in the house of a potter. Nobody knew who they were.

Drupada had placed a mighty steel bow in the marriage hall. When all the distinguished guests were seated in the marriage hall, the King announced that his daughter would be given in marriage to him who bent the steel bow and with it shot a steel arrow, through the central aperture of a revolving disc, at a target placed above. Many valiant princes from all parts of ٲ including the Kauravas had gathered there. When it was time for the ceremonies to begin ñī clad in beautiful robes with a bewitching charm which excited the royal assemblage entered the hall with a garland in her hands. Then ٳṛṣṭaܳԲ brother of ñī said "Hear ye, oh princes, seated in state in this assembly, here is the bow and arrow. He who sends five arrows in succession through the hole in the wheel and unerringly hits the target shall win my sister."

Many noted princes rose one after another and tried in vain to string the bow. It was too heavy and stiff for them. Then Arjuna rose and meditating on ⲹṇa, the Supreme God, strung the bow with ease and hit at the target. ñī then put the garland on Arjuna’s neck and accepting him as her husband went with him and stayed that night at the house of the potter. Drupada that night went to the house of the potter to make enquiries about his daughter and son-in-law. His joy knew no bounds when he knew that his son-in-law was none other than the celebrated Arjuna. The ṇḍ then took ʲñī to their home in 첹 and as soon as ܲԳīdevī heard the footsteps of her sons outside she said from inside asking them to share that day’s alms among themselves little knowing that it was a bride that had been brought by them. Thus ñī became the common consort of the five ṇḍ. Then the marriage of ñī was ceremoniously conducted after inviting friends and relatives. The ṇḍ then built a new palace at Indraprastha and lived there. (Chapters 190 to 220, Ādi Parva).

Śrī ṛṣṇa was present there along with the leading members of the clan of ṛṣṇi. He could recognise the ṇḍ in spite of their disguise. Śrī ṛṣṇa went to the potter’s house and visited them. He gave them valuable presents on the occasion of their marriage.

Making ٰܱ貹ī naked.

Once Duryodhana challenged Dharmaputra to a game of dice. Dharmaputra lost all and in the end in despair pledged ٰܱ貹ī and lost her. Immediately Duryodhana asked Vidura to bring ٰܱ貹ī to his palace and make her serve as a servant-maid. Vidura did not consent to that. Then Duryodhana asked Prātikāmi to bring her. While entering the palace of ٰܱ貹ī, Prātikāmi was as timid as a dog about to enter the cage of a lion. He informed ٰܱ貹ī of his mission. ٰܱ貹ī sent him back and then Duryodhana sent another messenger. ٰܱ貹ī went with him to the court of the Kauravas. As soon as ٳśśԲ saw ٰܱ貹ī he jumped at her and caught hold of her hair and dragged her to the centre of the assembly. When ٳśśԲ dragged her thus she said in piteous tones "I am in my monthly period and I have only the upper garment on me. Please do not take me to the assembly." ٳśśԲ was not moved by these pleadings and he dragged her still.

ī could not hold himself calm against this atrocity any longer and in a roar of wrath he abused Dharmaputra for pledging ñī thus and losing her. Arjuna however remonstrated gently with ī. Then to the consternation of all, ٳśśԲ started his shameful work of pulling at ñī’s robes to strip her of all the clothes. All earthly aid having failed ٰܱ貹ī in utter helplessness implored divine mercy and succour. Then a miracle occurred. In vain did ٳśśԲ toil to pull the garments completely and make her naked. As he pulled off each, fresh garments were seen to come from somewhere and cover her nudity. ٳśśԲ retired from his work exhausted and disappointed. Then ṇa ordered that ٰܱ貹ī should be sent to the palace of Duryodhana as a servant-maid. Hearing this ٳśśԲ once again started dragging her. ٰܱ貹ī wept. ī roared in fury and said that if his brother, Dharmaputra, gave him permission he would at that instant smash to death the Kauravas just like a lion killing the animals. īṣm and ٰṇa interfered and pacified him. Duryodhana stood up and striking his right thigh with his right hand challenged ī to a fight. īsena did not like Duryodhana exhibiting his naked thigh in front of ٰܱ貹ī and an angered ī declared that he would in a battle break Duryodhana’s thigh with his mace. ٳṛtṣṭ came to the scene and pacified both of them and turning to ñī asked her to name any boon she wanted from him. ñī said: "In order that my son, Prativindhya, should not be called a 'dāsaputra' (son of a servant) his father Dharmaputra should be released from his servitude." The boon was granted. Then she requested that all the other ṇḍ should be set free. That was also allowed. ٳṛtṣṭ then asked her to name a third boon. ñī then said that all ṣaٰⲹ women were entitled only to two boons and so there was no need for a third one. Then ٰܱ貹ī took a vow that her hair which was let lose by the wicked ٳśśԲ would be tied properly only by a hand tainted by the blood of ٳśśԲ. After that in strict obedience to the conditions of the wager the ṇḍ started for the forests with ٰܱ貹ī to spend twelve years in the forests and one year incognito. (Ten Chapters from Chapter 68, Parva).

Vanavāsa of ñī.

(Life in the forests). During the exile of the ṇḍ in the forests ñī was involved in many events of which a few important ones are given below:

(i) ī’s attack. When the ṇḍ were in the Kāmyakavana, ī, the brother of Baka, came to the ś where ñī was taking rest. The demon was such a fierce-looking giant that ñī was forced to shut her eyes by fright and she became wearied like a river in the midst of five hillocks. īsena immediately ran to her rescue and killed ī. (Chapter 11, Vana Parva).

(ii) ñī consoled Dharmaputra by her soothing words. (Chapter 27, Vana Parva).

(iii) Once when her woes became unbearable she condemned the devas. (Chapter 3, Vana Parva).

(iv) While the ṇḍ were on the mountain ҲԻ󲹳岹Բ, ñī persuaded ī to bring for her the Saugandhika flower. (See under ī).

(v) While the ṇḍ were living in the Badarikś waiting for the return of Arjuna who had gone on a year’s pilgrimage, ñī was carried away by ṭāsܰ. (See under ṭāsܰ).

(vi) After she was rescued from ṭāsܰ, ñī along with her husbands dwelt in the hermitage of Āṣṭṣeṇa. (See under Āṣṭṣeṇa).

(vii) Once ٰܱ貹ī gave instructions on the duties of a wife to ٲⲹ峾 who came to the forests along with Śrī ṛṣṇa. (Chapters 233 and 234, Vana Parva).

(viii) Once ٳܰ with his disciples came to the forest as the guests of the ṇḍ. They came late and ñī had taken her food already. The Akṣayapātra (the never-empty pot) could not be invoked to produce anything that day and ñī was greatly agitated and worried. She prayed to Śrī ṛṣṇa for succour and Śrī ṛṣṇa also coming hungry searched in the pot for something to eat and finding a bit of spinach sticking to the sides of the pot grabbed it with avidity and ate it. The guests felt as if they had enjoyed a sumptuous feast and left the place well pleased. (See para XII under Duryodhana).

(ix) Jayadratha carried away ñī from the forests once. The ṇḍ rescued her. (Para 4 under Jayadratha).

Life incognito.

After their twelve years of exile in the forests the time for living in disguise for a year came and Dharmaputra and his brothers with ñī spent that period in the palace of the King վṭa. Each assumed a new name and accepted different types of service under the King. ñī took the name of Իī and served as a companion and attendant to the princess. One day ī첹, the mighty brother-in-law of the King, tried to molest ñī and īsena killed him. (See under ī첹). It was at the time when the incognito life was coming to an end that the Kaurava army headed by Duryodhana carried away the cattle of the King վṭa. The King was absent from the palace at that time and the prince, Uttara, had not the guts to go and attack the Kaurava army. It was ñī who then suggested sending of ṛhԲԲ of the palace (Arjuna) to serve as charioteer of Uttara. (See under Arjuna, Para 24).

Subsequent events.

The thirteen years of life in exile and incognito came to an end. But the Kauravas were not prepared to give half of the kingdom to the ṇḍ. The differences between them increased and it led to a great war. Śrī ṛṣṇa agreed to go as a messenger to the court of ٳṛtṣṭ and ask for the share of the ṇḍ. Before leaving he asked each of the ṇḍ what he should say at the court of ٳṛtṣṭ. ñī then approached ṛṣṇa in private and said she desired for a war to defeat the Kauravas. She then reminded ṛṣṇa of a vow taken by īsena that he would tie her hair with his hands smeared with the blood from the thigh of ٳśśԲ.

The peace-mission of ṛṣṇa failed and the famous ܰܰṣeٰ battle started. Many valiant warriors on both the sides were killed. When Abhimanyu was killed ܲ󲹻 wept bitterly and ñī who went to console her fainted. Śrī ṛṣṇa revived her. ñī asked īsena to bring to her the inborn jewel on the head of śٳٳ峾, son of ٰṇa. She wanted to take revenge on him for killing her brother ٳṛṣṭaܳԲ. After a fierce battle for eighteen days the Kauravas were defeated and their tribe annihilated. ṇḍ took hold of Ჹپܰ and ñī was one among those who persuaded Dharmaputra to take charge of the administration of the state as its ruler. Dharmaputra performed an śyajña and ñī gave presents to 侱ٰṅg and ūī who were present for the function then. After the ś ٰܱ貹ī lived in Ჹپܰ serving ܲԳī and Իī alike for a long time. It was at that time that ٳṛtṣṭ, Իī and ܲԳī went to the forests and ٰܱ貹ī expressed her desire to go along with them to be of help to them. But they did not allow her to do so. While the ṇḍ were living in Ჹپܰ as the rulers of the country eminent ṛṣis from different parts of the country visited them and some of the Siddhas (realised souls) among them saw ñī as the goddess Ѳṣmī herself. (Śǰ첹 9, Chapter 25, Āśramavāsika Parva).

Death of ñī.

At the fag end of their life the ṇḍ crowned ʲīṣi as the King of Ჹپܰ and started on their Mahāprasthāna. They travelled for long through the ᾱⲹ and reached Ѳ峾. At that time ñī fell down dead. Then īsena asked ۳ܻṣṭ󾱰 why without any particular ailment ñī died. ۳ܻṣṭ󾱰 replied that it was because she showed special interest in Arjuna The ṇḍ walked on and all of them excepting Dharmaputra died on the way one by one. Even before Dharmaputra entered svarga ñī and the four brothers had reached there. (Chapters 1 to 4, Mahāprasthānika Parva).

Sons of ñī.

ñī had five sons one each from each of the five husbands. She got Prativindhya of ۳ܻṣṭ󾱰, Śrutasoma of īsena, Śܳٲīپ of Arjuna, Śī첹 of Nakula and Śܳٲ첹 of Sahadeva. (Śǰ첹 73, Chapter 95, Ādi Parva).

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