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Significance of War

War is characterized differently across various philosophical and cultural perspectives. In Jainism, it symbolizes the violent conflict of the Rathamushala battle. South Asian interpretations associate war with emotional turmoil and the capture of a valuable symbol, while Tibetan Buddhism references it during adverse historical events. The Arthashastra frames war as a narrative of sacrifice and strategy. Other traditions, such as Vaishnavism and Purana, emphasize moral complexities and the consequences of conflict, depicting war as both a physical and ethical struggle against enemies.1
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Synonyms: Conflict, Battle, Fight, Combat, Skirmish, Hostilities, Warfare, Struggle, Confrontation, Engagement, Armed conflict.

In Finnish: Sota; In French: Guerre; In Dutch: Oorlog; In Spanish: Guerra; In German: Krieg; In Malay: Perang; In Swedish: Krig

The below excerpts are indicatory and do represent direct quotations or translations. It is your responsibility to fact check each reference.

Buddhist concept of 'War'

Buddhism Books

In Buddhism, War can be interpreted as embodied by the lotus, wheel, and waggon armies, symbolizing different facets of conflict and resilience, particularly during tumultuous times like the Precious Karma Pa's return to China.

Significance in Theravada (major branch of Buddhism):
Theravada Books

From: Jataka tales [English], Volume 1-6

(1) Described by Elder Dhanuggahatissa, consisting of three kinds: the lotus army, the wheel army, and the waggon army.[1]

Theravada is a major branch of Buddhism having the the Pali canon (tipitaka) as their canonical literature, which includes the vinaya-pitaka (monastic rules), the sutta-pitaka (Buddhist sermons) and the abhidhamma-pitaka (philosophy and psychology).

Significance in Tibetan Buddhism (Vajrayana or tantric Buddhism):
Tibetan Buddhism Books

From: Blue Annals (deb-ther sngon-po)

(1) A reference to the tumultuous period when the Precious kar ma pa returned to China and faced adversity.[2]

Tibetan Buddhism includes schools such as Nyingma, Kadampa, Kagyu and Gelug. Their primary canon of literature is divided in two broad categories: The Kangyur, which consists of Buddha鈥檚 words, and the Tengyur, which includes commentaries from various sources. Esotericism and tantra techniques (vajrayana) are collected indepently.

Hindu concept of 'War'

Hinduism Books

In Hinduism, war symbolizes conflict and valor, reflecting moral complexities, duty, and sacrifice. It highlights themes of struggle against evil, leadership decisions, and the consequences of defiance, as shown in narratives like that of Rama and Ravan.

Significance in Purana and Itihasa (epic history):
Purana Books

From: Ramayana of Valmiki (Griffith)

(1) War is mentioned in the context of Ravan defying the mightiest warriors of the sky, suggesting a conflict, as detailed in the text.[3] (2) The conflict that the troops are prepared to engage in, and the prince is urged to not let his wrath influence the unfolding events.[4] (3) War refers to the conflict that will happen if the king does not comply with Rama's demands.[5] (4) War is what the armies will go to, to smite the demon foe, according to the provided text.[6]

The Purana refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India鈥檚 vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.

Significance in Dharmashastra (religious law):
Dharmashastra Books

From: Manusmriti with the Commentary of Medhatithi

(1) A conflict systematized through declared actions against enemies or assistance to allies under attack.[7]

Dharmashastra contains the instructions (shastra) regarding religious conduct of livelihood (dharma), ceremonies, jurisprudence (study of law) and more. It is categorized as smriti, an important and authoritative selection of books dealing with the Hindu lifestyle.

Significance in Vaishnavism (Vaishava dharma):
Vaishnavism Books

From: Bhakti-rasamrta-sindhu

(1) A state of armed conflict, where individuals like Satyaki play a significant role.[8]

Vaishnava or vaishnavism (vaishnavism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshipping Vishnu as the supreme Lord. Similar to the Shaktism and Shaivism traditions, Vaishnavism also developed as an individual movement, famous for its exposition of the dashavatara (鈥榯en avatars of Vishnu鈥�).

Significance in Jyotisha (astronomy and astrology):
Jyotisha Books

From: Brihat Samhita

(1) Conflicts that may arise as a consequence of witnessing a rainbow on ant hills.[9]

Jyotisha (啶溹啶啶むた啶�, jyotisha or jyotish) refers to 鈥榓stronomy鈥� or 鈥淰edic astrology鈥� and represents the fifth of the six Vedangas (additional sciences to be studied along with the Vedas). Jyotisha concerns itself with the study and prediction of the movements of celestial bodies, in order to calculate the auspicious time for rituals and ceremonies.

Significance in Arthashastra (politics and welfare):
Arthashastra Books

From: Hitopadesha (English translation)

(1) The thematic main event of the narrative, embodying sacrifice, leadership, and the moral complexities of conflict.[10]

Arthashastra literature concerns itself with the teachings (shastra) of economic prosperity (artha) statecraft, politics and military tactics. The term arthashastra refers to both the name of these scientific teachings, as well as the name of a Sanskrit work included in such literature. This book was written (3rd century BCE) by by Kautilya, who flourished in the 4th century BCE.

Jain concept of 'War'

Jainism Books

In Jainism, War represents the context of the Rathamushala battle, emphasizing violent conflict and the engagement of various parties, illustrating the complex dynamics of conflict within Jain philosophical beliefs.

Significance in Jainism (general):

From: Bhagavati-sutra (Viyaha-pannatti)

(1) The context within which the Rathamushala battle occurs, characterized by violent conflict and the participation of multiple parties.[11]

Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, 鈥榮elf-reliance鈥�) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.

The concept of War in local and regional sources

History Books

War in this context signifies a conflict prompting the King's exit, affecting the Queen emotionally, involving recruitment of local tribes, and initiated by a rival monarch, with symbolism tied to a captured golden Peacock believed to ensure victory.

Significance in South Asia:
South Asia Books

From: Village Folk-tales of Ceylon (Sri Lanka), vol. 1-3

(1) The conflict that necessitates the King's departure, causing sorrow for the Queen.[12] (2) A conflict initiated by the King of another country where the captured golden-coloured Peacock is believed to bring victory.[13]

Significance in India history and geography:

From: Bede's Ecclesiastical History of England

(1) His friends advised him not to engage in this war, and Hlothere was wounded in battle, indicating conflict.[14] (2) Being naturally of a harsh disposition, and engaged in many wars, he governed the state vigorously, but with much trouble.[15] (3) The war was the conflict in which Imma was involved, and it led to his capture and the subsequent events described in the narrative.[16]

From: Triveni Journal

(1) This is what both sides recruited Mizos, Nagas and Kachins during.[17]

From: The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda

(1) The writer references war multiple times and wants people to focus on higher things, suggesting a negative view of war.[18]

Plural form: Wars.