Significance of Shoka
Shoka, a term associated with sorrow and grief, is examined across various philosophical and scientific contexts. In Jainism, it signifies one of the nine feelings affecting conduct, while Vaishnavism connects it to lamentation tied to personal loss. Kavya associates Shoka with sorrow within the Karuna rasa, and Vedanta emphasizes personal loss as exemplifying this sentiment. In Theravada, it reflects the suffering inherent in existence. Scientifically, Shoka correlates with emotional states affecting mental and physical health, influencing digestive disorders and well-being.
In German: Shoka; In Finnish: Shoka; In Spanish: Shoka; In Swedish: Shoka; In Malay: Shoka; In French: Shoka; In Dutch: Sjoka
The below excerpts are indicatory and do represent direct quotations or translations. It is your responsibility to fact check each reference.
Buddhist concept of 'Shoka'
Shoka in Buddhism signifies a profound sorrow stemming from distressing events and loss, often intertwined with hatred, reflecting the emotional turmoil experienced within the cycle of existence and its inherent suffering.
From: Catusacca Dipani
(1) Sorrow that arises from the experiences of loss and suffering throughout the cycle of existence.[1]
From: Abhidhamma in Daily Life (by Ashin Janakabhivamsa)
(1) A state of sorrow resulting from distressing events, which often weighs on the individual and can coexist with feelings of hatred.[2]
Hindu concept of 'Shoka'
In Hinduism, Shoka represents sorrow as a sthayibhava linked to Karuna rasa, reflecting devotees' emotional journeys and personal losses, illustrating a profound sentiment dependent on rati, often manifesting in lamentation related to grief.
From: Brihad Bhagavatamrita (commentary)
(1) of lamentation[3] (2) Lamentation or deep sorrow, often linked to loss or grief in material life.[4] (3) The state of lamentation that arises in devotees, reflecting their emotional and spiritual journey.[5]
From: Bhakti-rasamrta-sindhu
(1) A specific emotion that cannot manifest without the presence of rati, suggesting a dependence on this emotional state.[6]
Jain concept of 'Shoka'
In Jainism, Shoka represents sorrow and is considered one of nine feelings influencing behavior. It embodies the grief experienced from the loss or separation of valued entities, reflecting its emotional significance in ethical conduct.
From: Tattvartha Sutra (with commentary)
(1) Sorrow; the feeling of sadness at the loss or separation of desirable or useful things.[7] (2) Representing sorrow, this quasi-passion is one of the nine kinds of feelings that affect conduct.[8]
From: Trishashti Shalaka Purusha Caritra
(1) Grief or sorrow.[9]
The concept of Shoka in local and regional sources
Shoka, as defined, encapsulates a profound sense of sorrow or grief, representing an intense emotional reaction to loss or misfortune, similar to sadness. It highlights the depth of personal suffering and emotional turmoil.
From: Sanskrit Words In Southeast Asian Languages
(1) This noun signifies a state of sorrow or grief, reflecting a deep emotional response to loss or misfortune, like sadness.[10]