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The Buddhist Path to Enlightenment (study)

by Dr Kala Acharya | 2016 | 118,883 words

This page relates ‘The Meaning of Sammappadana (supreme endeavor)� of the study on the Buddhist path to enlightenment. The Buddha was born in the Lumbini grove near the present-day border of India and Nepal in the 6th century B.C. He had achieved enlightenment at the age of thirty–five under the ‘Bodhi-tree� at Buddha-Gaya. This study investigates the teachings after his Enlightenment which the Buddha decided to teach ‘out of compassion for beings�.

Go directly to: Footnotes.

2.1. The Meaning of Sammappadāna (supreme endeavor)

The term is 貹Բ (supreme endeavor), while the Sanskrit equivalent appears to be ⲹ-ṇa (right abandoning). Certainly, ‘four supreme endeavours) would appear for fit better as a general description of the formula than ‘four right abandonings�, since all four parts of the formula speak of one who endeavours (padahati) while only the second part explicitly mentions abandoning (貹ⲹ/ṇaⲹ).

The term 貹Բ found in commentaries is an explanation that reflects the notion of abandoning. Ven. Buddhaghosa offers for in 貹Բ is that it indicates that it is “something beautiful by virtue of its forsaking the ugliness of the defilements.[1] This explanation occurs within the context of discussion four 貹Բs is to be understood as in some sense that the strength or application of the mind that forms the basis which actually enable the mind to give up the .

The word 貹Բ is defined as follows:

bhusam dahati vahati’ti padhanam sammadeva padhanam sammappadhanam.

This means:

padhana is an effort carried out strongly, intensively; if carried out properly, rightly, it is 貹Բ, right effort.

It is an effort that has not in it any element of unwillingness. It is also called “zealous energy� (atapaviriya). It is an effort that has the four characteristics spoken of in the following text:

첹� taco ca naharu ca atthi ca avasissatu, sarire upasussatu mamsalohita�; ya� ta� purisathamena purisaviriyena purisaparakkamena 貹ٳٲ�, na tam apapunitva viriyassa Գٳ󲹲Բ� bhavissati.

“Let only my skin, and sinews, and bones remain and let my flesh and blood in the body dry up, I shall not permit the course of my effort to stop until I win that which may be won by human ability, human effort and human exertion�.[2]

Ven. Buddhaghosa also provides the following exegesis of the term 貹Բ;

It is the 貹Բ in that by means of it they endeavor (padahanti); 貹Բ is beautiful 貹Բ; either it is 貹Բ in that by means of it they endeavor rightly, or it is 貹Բ in that it is beautiful because of forsaking it ugliness of the defilements, and 貹Բ because of producing (nipphadakatta) welfare and happiness due to bringing about the state of being best and causing the state of being chief (貹Բ). It is a term for strength. It is fourfold in that it accomplishes the functions of abandoning and non-arising and maintenance of unarisen and arisen skillful (dhammas), and maintenance of unarisen and arisen skillful (dhammas). Therefore, ‘four samma-p貹Բs� are spoken of.[3]

The explanation here plays upon the diverse meanings of 貹Բ. To begin with, 貹Բ can be understood simply as indicating endeavor; this is its usual meaning and normal meaning in literature. Ven. Buddhaghosa� s explanation seems to reflect these three kinds of usages: 貹Բ is beautiful; it is the originator of welfare and happiness and it brings about the state of a chief.

Ven. ٳ󲹳 gives essentially the same explanation, although worded slightly differently;

It is 貹Բ in that they endeavor rightly by means of it, or it itself endeavours rightly; it is commendably or beautifully endeavouring. Alternatively, it is 貹Բ because it correctly causes a state of being chief for a person. It is a term for īⲹ.[4]

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

Vism XXII, p. 35

[2]:

AN 2:1.5

[3]:

Vism XXII, p. 35

[4]:

Ud-A, p. 304

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