Comparative study of subgingival microbiome in gingivitis vs. health.
Journal name: Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology
Original article title: Comparative evaluation of subgingival microbiome in healthy periodontium and gingivitis using next-generation sequencing technology: A case鈥揷ontrol study
The Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology (JISP) publishes original scientific articles on periodontology (the study of supporting structures of teeth) and oral implantology. It is a bimonthly open-access journal with special issues for specific occasions.
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Original source:
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R Arvinth Vishnu, Swarna Alamelu, KV Arun, P Sujitha, P.R. Ganesh
Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology:
(A bimonthly open-access journal)
Full text available for: Comparative evaluation of subgingival microbiome in healthy periodontium and gingivitis using next-generation sequencing technology: A case鈥揷ontrol study
Year: 2022 | Doi: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_837
Copyright (license): CC BY-NC-SA
Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Gingivitis, an inflammatory periodontal disease characterized by bleeding and changes in gingival appearance, arises primarily due to the accumulation of dental plaque that disrupts the delicate balance between microbial communities in the oral cavity. This research utilized next-generation sequencing technology to investigate the subgingival microbiome of healthy individuals and those with gingivitis, aiming to uncover the complex interplay of microbial species associated with these conditions. Despite advancements in microbiome analysis, studies focusing on the specific microbial shifts associated with gingivitis remain limited, necessitating further exploration into the subgingival environment.
Dysbiosis in Gingivitis: A Shift in Microbial Composition
The study revealed that individuals with gingivitis exhibited a distinct microbial composition compared to periodontally healthy subjects. While specific genera, such as Veillonella were abundant in both groups, others like Dialister and Aneroglobus were notably more prevalent in gingivitis samples. The presence of the phylum Synergistetes, exclusive to the gingivitis group, highlights a potential dysbiotic shift in the microbiome that may contribute to the onset of inflammation. Notably, no significant statistical differences were found in the overall abundance of the top species between the two groups, suggesting that changes may occur subtly at the microbial community level rather than through the dominance of specific pathogens.
Conclusion
This study emphasizes that unique microbial genera associated with gingivitis may facilitate a shift towards dysbiosis in the subgingival environment, ultimately leading to periodontal disease. The findings indicate that while there exists a mild variation in the microbiome between health and gingivitis, certain species identified could act as potential etiological factors for gingivitis. Given the study's limited sample size, further research with a larger cohort is recommended to validate these findings and enhance the understanding of the role of microbial communities in periodontal health and disease.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the main purpose of the study on gingivitis?
The study aimed to profile the subgingival microbiome in individuals with healthy gingiva versus those with gingivitis using next-generation sequencing technology to understand microbial community effects on periodontal disease.
How were the sample groups divided in the study?
The study included 30 subjects divided into two groups: 15 individuals with healthy gingiva (Group I) and 15 patients with gingivitis (Group II), focusing on differences in their subgingival microbiome.
What significant findings were observed in the microbiome comparison?
Though no significant species group differences were noted, unique genera in Group II samples indicated a dysbiotic shift in the subgingival environment associated with gingivitis, particularly the presence of genera like Dialister and Aneroglobus.
What techniques were used for microbial analysis in this study?
Next-generation sequencing technology was employed to analyze 16S rRNA gene sequences from subgingival plaque samples, allowing for extensive profiling of the oral microbiome and identification of various bacterial species.
What limitations were noted in the gingivitis study?
The study's primary limitation was the small sample size of 30 participants due to financial constraints, which may affect the robustness and generalizability of the findings.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for 鈥淐omparative study of subgingival microbiome in gingivitis vs. health.鈥�. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Table:
In scientific research, a table is a systematic arrangement of data in rows and columns, which enables readers to easily understand and compare information. In this study, tables are used to present statistical data on the abundance of various bacterial species, facilitating clarity and comprehension of findings regarding the subgingival microbiome.
2) Species:
Species refer to groups of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. In the context of this study, different bacterial species are analyzed to determine their relative abundance in healthy and diseased individuals. Understanding species composition is crucial for diagnosing and treating periodontal diseases like gingivitis.
3) Study (Studying):
A study is a detailed investigation or examination of a subject. This particular study focuses on profiling the subgingival microbiome of individuals with gingivitis and healthy gingiva, utilizing next-generation sequencing. The results contribute to the existing body of knowledge regarding oral microbiota and its association with periodontal health.
4) Genu:
The word 'genu' relates to a genus, which is a classification category in biological taxonomy where species are grouped based on shared characteristics. In this research, various genera of bacteria are explored to understand their roles in the development of gingivitis and other periodontal diseases.
5) Disease:
A disease is a pathological condition characterized by a specific set of symptoms and signs affecting a biological system. In this study, gingivitis is examined as a specific disease caused by dysbiotic shifts in the subgingival microbiome, showcasing the connection between microbial composition and oral health.
6) Inflammation:
Inflammation is the body's response to injury or infection, often marked by redness, heat, swelling, and pain. In the context of gingivitis, inflammation arises from the immune response to dysbiotic plaque biofilms, leading to tissue damage and requiring intervention to restore health.
7) Rules:
In scientific research, rules often refer to guidelines or protocols followed during experimentation. This study adheres to strict methodological rules, including inclusion and exclusion criteria for participant selection and systematic approaches for sample collection and analysis, ensuring the reliability and validity of the results.
8) Relative:
Relative refers to a comparative relationship between entities. In this study, terms like relative abundance describe the proportion of different bacterial species present in subgingival samples. Understanding these relationships allows for insights into microbial diversity and its impact on oral diseases.
9) Bleeding:
Bleeding, particularly in periodontal health, indicates inflammation or tissue damage, often assessed using the bleeding on probing (BOP) index. In this study, bleeding serves as a clinical indicator to differentiate between healthy gingiva and gingivitis, providing essential data for understanding disease severity.
10) Water:
Water, particularly ionized molecular water, is utilized in laboratory procedures to facilitate sample preservation and processing. In this study, water is critical in the collection and storage of subgingival plaque samples, ensuring that the DNA extraction and subsequent analysis yield accurate results.
11) Tree:
In biology, a tree often refers to a phylogenetic tree, which visually represents the evolutionary relationships among species. This study utilizes a phylogenetic tree to illustrate the genetic relatedness of bacterial genera found in the subgingival microbiome, enhancing the understanding of microbial diversity and dynamics.
12) Accumulation (Accumulating, Accumulate):
Accumulated refers to the gradual increase or build-up of organisms or materials over time. In this study, the accumulated presence of specific bacterial species in the subgingival area is analyzed to determine its role in the onset and progression of gingivitis, emphasizing microbial interactions.
13) Surface:
Surface refers to the outermost layer of a material, in this case, the dental surfaces where plaque accumulates. The study focuses on the subgingival surfaces affected by gingivitis, investigating how microbial communities form biofilms on these surfaces and contribute to periodontal disease.
14) Sign:
In a medical or scientific context, 'sign' refers to an observable phenomenon used as an indicator or marker of a condition. In this study, various clinical signs, such as bleeding and inflammation, are assessed to identify and characterize gingivitis and its underlying microbial causes.
15) Line:
A line in scientific discourse might refer to a data line within a table or a graphical representation of data trends. In this study, lines are used to present findings from microbiome analyses, allowing researchers to interpret differences in abundance and diversity of bacteria between health and disease states.
16) Discussion:
The discussion section of a study interprets the results and places them within a broader context. In this research, the discussion addresses the implications of the microbiome findings, comparing them to previous literature and proposing hypotheses regarding the role of specific bacterial species in gingival health.
17) Collecting:
Collecting refers to the process of gathering specimens for analysis in a research study. In this study, collecting subgingival plaque samples performed critical for analyzing the microbial composition and drawing conclusions about the relationship between specific bacteria and gingivitis.
18) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
Antibiotics are substances that inhibit bacterial growth or kill bacteria. This study excludes patients who have taken antibiotics recently to ensure that the microbial analysis accurately reflects the natural subgingival microbiome without interference from antibiotic treatment, which could alter bacterial populations.
19) Richness:
Richness pertains to the number of different species present in a community. In microbiome studies, richness is an important metric to assess biodiversity within the subgingival environment. This study evaluates the richness of bacterial species to draw conclusions regarding microbial diversity in health versus gingivitis.
20) Quality:
Quality denotes the degree of excellence or superiority in a given context. In this study, the quality of microbiological analysis is maintained through rigorous methods, including sample collection and DNA sequencing, aiming to produce reliable and reproducible results that inform the understanding of gingival diseases.
21) Cotton:
Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that is often used in laboratory settings for its absorptive properties. In this study, cotton may have been used as a material to remove supragingival plaque or isolate areas during sample collection, ensuring the accuracy of microbial analysis.
22) Indian:
The term 'Indian' refers to something related to India, its people, or culture. The research conducted in this study focuses on the South Indian population, contributing to the understanding of how regional genetic, dietary, and environmental factors influence oral microbiomes and periodontal health.
23) Santa (Shanta, Samta, Shamta):
Santa, in this context, likely refers to 'Santa Ana,' a location in California. It could be tied to the manufacturer of the Fast DNA kit used for DNA extraction in the study. This highlights the global nature of research materials utilized in microbiological studies.
24) Kumar:
Kumar is a common surname in India, possibly referring to Dr. Bharath Rajiv Kumar mentioned in the acknowledgments of the study. His contributions to sample collection demonstrate the collaborative efforts necessary for conducting research, emphasizing the importance of teamwork in scientific investigations.
25) Blood:
Blood is a vital fluid in the body, playing a critical role in immune response and nutrient transport. Although not directly related to the microbial study, the reference to blood may emerge in discussions of bleeding on probing (BOP), which indicates inflammation and guides the assessment of periodontal diseases.
Other Science Concepts:
Discover the significance of concepts within the article: 鈥�Comparative study of subgingival microbiome in gingivitis vs. health.鈥�. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:
Conflict of interest, Microbial profile, Sociodemographic Factors, 16S rRNA sequencing, Bacterial colonies, Bacterial culture, Next generation sequencing, Streptococcus species, Gram-negative Microorganism, Healthy gingiva, Periodontal attachment apparatus, Gingival sulcus bleeding, Subgingival plaque sample.