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Glossary definitions and references:

Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for 鈥淎yurveda-based deep phenotyping reveals novel genes in RA GWAS.鈥�. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.

1) Table:
The 'Table' refers to a structured representation of data in rows and columns, allowing for easy comparison and analysis of the genome-wide association study (GWAS) results within the context of the study. This is crucial for communicating the findings in a clear and organized manner, helping researchers understand complex genetic associations better.

2) Prakriti (Prakrti):
'Prakriti' is a core concept in Ayurveda that denotes an individual's natural constitution based on various physical, physiological, and psychological traits. In the context of research, it serves to stratify subjects into distinct groups to enhance the understanding of genetic predispositions and responses to diseases, especially in rheumatoid arthritis.

3) Study (Studying):
In scientific research, a 'Study' is a systematic investigation aimed at discovering knowledge. It typically involves hypotheses, data collection, analysis, and interpretation. The relevance of the term in this context is tied to the genome-wide association study of rheumatoid arthritis to elucidate the genetic factors associated with different Prakriti types.

4) Ayurveda (Ayus-veda):
Ayurveda is the traditional Indian system of medicine focusing on holistic health through balancing physical, mental, and spiritual aspects of life. In the context of this research, Ayurveda's principles guide the deep phenotyping of individuals to achieve more accurate genetic associations with complex diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, integrating ancient wisdom with modern science.

5) Disease:
A 'Disease' refers to an abnormal condition affecting the structure or function of any part of the body. Rheumatoid arthritis is highlighted in this research as a chronic inflammatory disease that results from genetic predispositions and environmental factors. Understanding the disease mechanisms is essential for developing effective treatments and personalized medicine.

6) Pitta:
'Pitta' is one of the three primary doshas in Ayurveda, representing the elements of fire and water. It governs metabolism and energy transformation in the body. In the context of the study, Pitta is used to categorize subjects in the GWAS, helping researchers assess its impact on susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis and related traits.

7) Vata:
'Vata' is another of the three doshas in Ayurveda, characterized by qualities of air and space. It is responsible for movement in the body, including circulation and nerve impulses. Classifying individuals as Vata Prakriti enables better understanding of their predisposition to rheumatoid arthritis and their overall health profile within the study.

8) Kapha:
'Kapha' is the third dosha in Ayurveda, embodying water and earth elements. It represents structure, stability, and lubrication in the body. Like Vata and Pitta, Kapha is relevant for categorizing individuals in the study to explore how this dosha influences the risk and manifestations of diseases like rheumatoid arthritis.

9) Pain:
'Pain' is a distressing sensation, often associated with bodily injury or illness. It is a significant symptom in rheumatoid arthritis, impacting quality of life. This research highlights the need to examine pain mechanisms through subjective features correlated with genetic factors and Prakriti types, aiming for better pain management solutions.

10) Rheumatoid arthritis:
'Rheumatoid arthritis' is a chronic inflammatory disorder primarily affecting joints but can involve other systems. It presents a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. The focus of this research is to identify genetic markers linked to rheumatoid arthritis while employing Ayurvedic deep phenotyping to enhance therapeutic approaches.

11) Medicine:
'Medicine' refers to the field concerned with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases. It encompasses a wide range of practices, from traditional methods like Ayurveda to modern pharmacological therapies. The integration of Ayurvedic principles and genetic research aims to enhance personalized medicine approaches to treat complex diseases.

12) Samhita:
'Samhita' denotes an ancient text in Ayurveda containing comprehensive knowledge of medical practices and principles. It serves as a foundational reference for Ayurvedic practitioners. In this context, it relates to understanding traditional classifications and treatments that can inform modern research, particularly regarding individual Prakriti and their implications for health.

13) Varanasi (Varanashi):
'Varanasi' is a city in India known for its spiritual significance and historical contributions to education and medicine, including Ayurveda. It is relevant in this study as the location where Ayurvedic practices have flourished, contributing to the foundation of the knowledge used for deep phenotyping in contemporary research.

14) Writing:
'Writing' is the method of recording language in a structured format. In the context of this study, writing serves to document research findings clearly and effectively, facilitating communication to a wider audience, including healthcare professionals and researchers in genetics and Ayurveda.

15) Delhi:
'Delhi' serves as the capital city of India and plays a significant role in this research context. It symbolizes the convergence of traditional Ayurvedic practices and modern medical research. The study is based on a cohort from New Delhi, highlighting the urban perspective on health and disease in the Indian population.

16) Inflammation:
'Inflammation' is the body's biological response to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens or injured cells. In the context of rheumatoid arthritis and the study, inflammation is a critical aspect as it contributes to joint damage and pain. Understanding its underlying genetic components can facilitate the development of targeted therapies.

17) Line:
'Line' in this context could refer to a line of research or methodology, indicating a continuous thread of investigation relating to the associations between Ayurveda and genomic studies. This term embodies the connection drawn between traditional practices and modern scientific inquiries as presented in the research.

18) New Delhi:
'New Delhi' is particularly significant as it hosts various medical and Ayurvedic institutions. The inclusion of this city emphasizes the cultural and scientific milieu impacting the study. It reflects the blend of ancient practices and contemporary research formats that characterize this exploration of Ayurvedic genomics.

19) Family:
'Family' refers to a group consisting of parents and children, representing an important social unit in medicine and healthcare. The relevance of this term may pertain to the study of familial patterns observed in rheumatoid arthritis, emphasizing genetic inheritance and predisposition to disease as explored through varying Prakriti.

20) Dosha (Dosa):
'Dosha' refers to the three fundamental biological energies in Ayurveda鈥擵ata, Pitta, and Kapha鈥攖hat define human constitution. Understanding doshas allows for personalized approaches in health management and disease treatment. In this study, dosha classifications play a pivotal role in connecting Ayurveda with genetic research related to rheumatoid arthritis.

21) Activity:
'Activity' denotes the physiological state characterized by movement and engagement in tasks. In the context of rheumatoid arthritis, activity levels can be affected due to disease symptoms. Monitoring and understanding how activity correlates with genetic predispositions in the study enhances knowledge of patient health and treatment efficacy.

22) Blood:
'Blood' is a vital biological fluid carrying oxygen and nutrients throughout the body while also transporting immune cells. It has significance in the study pertaining to biomarkers of inflammation and disease severity in rheumatoid arthritis, allowing for a comprehensive understanding of how these correlate with genetic data from the participants.

23) Bharati:
'Bharati' represents a reference to a Sanskrit term related to knowledge and learning, emblematic of the deep-rooted traditions within Ayurveda. In the study's context, it highlights the significance of integrating traditional Ayurvedic wisdom with modern scientific methodologies to enhance understanding of complex diseases.

24) Quality:
'Quality' signifies the standard of something, in this case, relating to the assessment and methodology of the genetic study being conducted. High quality in data and analysis is crucial for deriving accurate conclusions, validating the effectiveness of Ayurvedic approaches in understanding rheumatoid arthritis and enhancing personalized medicine.

25) Indian:
'Indian' signifies the cultural, geographical, and ethnological identity of the population studied. This context emphasizes how Ayurveda and its principles are rooted in Indian tradition, playing a crucial role in understanding health and disease patterns prevalent among Indian populations examined in the research.

26) Gupta:
'Gupta' is a common surname in India, denoting lineage or family heritage. It is relevant here due to its association with contributors in the research study and highlights the diverse backgrounds of researchers undertaking a scientifically rigorous examination of Ayurveda paired with genetic studies.

27) Madhavakara:
'Madhavakara' was a renowned ancient Indian physician, known for his contributions to Ayurvedic medicine. His texts form a foundational aspect of Ayurvedic knowledge. The term highlights the historical context from which the study derives knowledge regarding treatment methods and principles underlying Ayurvedic practices relevant to disease management.

28) Agnivesha (Agnivesa, Agni-vesha):
'Agnivesha' is an early Ayurvedic physician, recognized for authoring the 'Agnivesha Samhita,' an important text detailing Ayurvedic practices. This term connects the roots of Ayurvedic concepts, showcasing how ancient medical texts inform modern studies aimed at reconciling traditional medicine with present-day scientific research paradigms.

29) Tridosha (Tridosa, Tri-dosha):
'Tridosha' refers to the three doshas of Ayurveda (Vata, Pitta, Kapha) that represent various combinations of the elements. Understanding tridosha is essential in Ayurveda for personalized medicine, where individual health and disease predispositions, including those linked to rheumatoid arthritis, can be assessed and treated based on doshic imbalances.

30) Swelling:
'Swelling' is an indication of inflammation, commonly seen in rheumatoid arthritis. Understanding patterns of swelling in relation to genetic traits and Ayurvedic classifications can provide insights into individual responses to therapy and disease progression, highlighting the importance of personalized management strategies based on inherent body constitutions.

31) Madhava:
'Madhava' symbolizes a revered figure in Ayurveda, linked with texts that provide insights into Ayurvedic treatment and pathology. This term underscores the historical wisdom that informs contemporary practices and studies, aiming to elucidate the relationship between ancient medicine and genetic factors influencing health conditions.

32) Amavata (Ama-vata):
'Amavata' is the Ayurvedic term for rheumatoid arthritis, embodying the traditional understanding and classification of the disease. This term is critical in correlating the Ayurvedic approach to disease with modern genetic studies, establishing links between traditional concepts and contemporary medical knowledge and practice.

33) Nidana:
'Nidana' translates to the cause or origin of a disease in Ayurveda. In the context of this research, understanding nidana helps in identifying the roots of diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, paving the way for targeted interventions that align with both Ayurvedic and modern scientific evidence regarding disease management.

34) Repair:
'Repair' pertains to the biological processes involved in healing tissues, particularly relevant in the context of joint damage from rheumatoid arthritis. Investigating how genetic factors influence the body鈥檚 natural repair mechanisms informs therapeutic approaches that could be aligned with Ayurvedic practices focusing on restoration and health balance.

35) India:
'India' serves as the backdrop for the study, historically significant as the birthplace of Ayurveda and a diverse locus for medical traditions. The geographical context is important in understanding the unique health challenges and genetic diversity present in the Indian population, enhancing the study's relevance and applicability.

36) Burning sensation:
'Burning sensation' relates to a common symptom experienced by patients with rheumatoid arthritis, indicating inflammation and pain. This symptom is integral to understanding individual patient experiences and tailoring interventions based on both Ayurvedic principles and modern medical findings regarding inflammation pathways influenced by genetic factors.

37) Knowledge:
'Knowledge' encompasses the understanding and insights gained from various fields including medicine, genetics, and Ayurveda. In the context of this study, it emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary approaches that draw insights from ancient traditional medicine to enhance comprehension and treatment of contemporary health issues.

38) Sanskrit:
'Sanskrit' is the ancient language of India, in which many Ayurvedic texts are written. Its prominence in the study highlights the traditional roots of Ayurvedic knowledge and its intricacies, crucial for researchers engaging with original texts to understand the principles underlying personalized medicine based on genetic and phenotypic diversity.

39) Burning (Burn, Burned, Burnt):
'Burning' in this context relates to the specific symptom of discomfort expressed by patients with inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis. Studying the genetic underpinnings of this sensation, alongside Ayurvedic classifications, could lead to improved pain management strategies and a greater understanding of the inflammatory response.

40) Kumar:
'Kumar' is a common Indian surname, reflecting both cultural identity and historical relevance within the research context. The term connects individuals with specific contributions to the study, emphasizing a collaborative approach involving various researchers driven by a commitment to exploring the intersection of Ayurveda and modern genetics.

41) Beta:
'Beta' can refer to a variety of contexts; in pharmacology, it may relate to beta-blockers, which influence heart and blood pressure regulation. In genetics, beta often signifies a variant or specific parameter in a gene study. In this research, it supports the overarching theme of understanding genetic variants' roles in health.

42) Drug:
'Drug' refers to a compound used to prevent, diagnose, or treat diseases. In this study, understanding the genetic basis of drug response, particularly in rheumatoid arthritis treatments, is essential. The integration of Ayurvedic concepts on individual constitution can lead to more effective, tailored therapeutic strategies involving pharmacological agents.

43) Madhavanidana (Madhava-nidana):
'Madhava-nidana' is a well-known Ayurvedic text that discusses the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Its relevance lies in its foundational concepts that can inform the modern understanding of conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and how they may be approached through both traditional and contemporary medicine practices.

44) Vimanasthana (Vimana-sthana):
'Vimana-sthana' is a section within Ayurveda that primarily focuses on diagnostics and understanding symptoms. It highlights the meticulous attention to detail and disease classification essential for developing effective treatment strategies. The principles derived from Vimana-sthana contribute to bridging traditional Ayurvedic insights with modern scientific methodologies for disease management.

45) Kaphadosha (Kaphadosa, Kapha-dosha):
'Kapha-dosha' is the Ayurvedic concept representing stability, structure, and bodily fluids associated with balance and nourishment. Understanding Kapha-dosha's influence on health helps in tailoring personalized treatments based on individual attributes and with respect to conditions like rheumatoid arthritis that may involve doshic imbalances in patients.

46) Srivastava (Sri-vastava, Shrivastava, Shri-vastava):
'Shrivastava' is an Indian surname that signifies heritage and can denote contributions to academic literature. This term embodies the collaborative essence of the research efforts involved in genetic investigations tied with Ayurveda for better understanding complex diseases like rheumatoid arthritis through shared knowledge and diverse expertise.

47) Vatapitta (Vata-pitta):
'Vata-pitta' describes a constitution characterized by the combination of the Vata and Pitta doshas in Ayurveda, reflecting an individual's unique physiological and emotional traits. This classification aids research by enabling specific tailored studies on how individuals with this constitution experience and manage diseases like rheumatoid arthritis differently, enhancing treatment approaches.

48) Science (Scientific):
'Science' pertains to the systematic pursuit of knowledge that is derived from empirical evidence, experimentation, and theory development. The integration of scientific methodologies in this study emphasizes the necessity to bridge conventional wisdom found in Ayurveda with modern genetic analyses, aiming for comprehensive insights into diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.

49) Senapati (Shenapati, Sena-pati):
'Senapati' is a common Indian surname and also denotes a rank or title. The term may reflect an individual's significant contributions to the study or the broader context of the research, showcasing the collaborative effort to merge traditional Ayurvedic knowledge with contemporary scientific investigations in genetic research and rheumatoid arthritis.

50) Learning:
'Learning' denotes the process of acquiring knowledge or skills through experience, study, or education. In this context, it underscores the importance of interdisciplinary approaches that combine Ayurvedic wisdom with genetic research in understanding disease mechanisms and improving treatment strategies for conditions like rheumatoid arthritis.

51) Kalpana:
'Kalpana' refers to the faculty of imagination or creativity in Sanskrit, often associated with conceptualization in traditional texts. This term highlights the innovative capacity of researchers to blend ancient Ayurvedic insights with contemporary genomic research, fostering new paradigms in understanding health and disease through a holistic lens.

52) Sthana:
'Sthana' means location or place in Sanskrit, often used in Ayurvedic texts to signify different contexts within health and disease management. This term emphasizes the integration of geographical and cultural elements inherent in traditional practices while exploring genetic factors contributing to health issues among various populations studied in research.

53) Vimana:
'Vimana' commonly refers to a section describing spatial and structural contexts within Ayurveda and medicine. In context, this word exemplifies how traditional frameworks can be utilized to provide insights into health conditions and their management, contributing to structural understanding in studies surrounding complex diseases like rheumatoid arthritis.

54) Thomas:
'Thomas' is a surname that could represent a contributor to the research. This term embodies the collaborative nature of modern scientific research where diverse expertise is essential for advancing knowledge at the intersection of traditional practices and contemporary biomedical sciences.

55) Mandal:
'Mandal' is a surname commonly found in India, representing an individual's ethnic or professional background. In this study, it symbolizes the diverse contributions of researchers who play vital roles in analyzing the genetic underpinnings of diseases correlated with Ayurvedic principles, thereby enhancing the richness of the research fabric.

56) Sharman (Sarma, Sharma, Sarman):
'Sharma' is another common surname in India, often denoting a scholarly or learned individual. Its inclusion reflects the collaborative nature of research, acknowledging the contributions of individuals committed to unraveling the complexities of rheumatoid arthritis and exploring the synergy between Ayurveda and contemporary genetic studies.

57) Campu:
'Campu' may refer to a unique contributor to the study or the representation of collaborative academic efforts in the realm of Ayurveda and genetics. This term emphasizes the interconnectedness of various experts involved in addressing complex medical challenges through an interdisciplinary approach.

58) Culli:
'Culli' might refer to a lesser-known contributor, reinforcing the diversity of inputs involved in the research. It highlights the growing community of scholars working to integrate traditional knowledge systems, like Ayurveda, alongside modern genomic studies to foster innovative healthcare solutions.

59) Kutum:
'Kutum' is an Indian surname representing a unique individual contributing to the research, showcasing the collaborative essence of the study. The term encapsulates the various strands of expertise woven together, reflecting the importance of diverse input in addressing the research on hereditary predispositions in rheumatoid arthritis.

60) Ayus (Ayush):
'Ayush' refers to the acceptance and promotion of traditional medicine systems in India, including Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha. This term highlights the governmental and institutional support for integrating traditional health systems with modern medical practice, illustrating the study's relevance in national health policies and practices in India.

61) Chang:
'Chang' may refer to a contributing author, representing the global nature of scientific collaboration. The inclusion of diverse names emphasizes the importance of cross-cultural perspectives in tackling complex health issues and integrating various scientific traditions in the realm of health and medicine research.

62) Edema (Oedema):
'Edema' refers to the medical condition characterized by excessive fluid accumulation in the interstitial spaces. It is relevant in the study of rheumatoid arthritis, as swelling and fluid accumulation are common symptoms. Researching edema can help understand the structural and genetic influences shaping disease manifestations and treatment responses within populations.

63) Rules:
'Rules' signifies the underlying protocols and guidelines dictating research methodologies. In the context of scientific research, adherence to strict ethical and procedural standards is critical for the validity and credibility of findings, particularly when investigating complex traits like rheumatoid arthritis within diverse populations in the study.

64) Agni:
'Agni' symbolizes the concept of digestive fire in Ayurveda, crucial for maintaining metabolic balance and health. It plays a significant role in determining an individual's health based on their Prakriti. Understanding Agni is essential in personalized treatment plans for conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, linking dietary practices to health outcomes.

65) Ter:
'Ther' seems incomplete in this context but could refer to therapy or therapeutic interventions related to medical practice. Mentioning therapies is vital as effective management of rheumatoid arthritis involves diverse approaches, ranging from traditional Ayurvedic practices to conventional medicine, all aimed at alleviating patient symptoms and enhancing quality of life.

66) Impaired digestion:
'Impaired digestion' is a condition where the body struggles to break down food effectively, leading to various health issues. In Ayurveda, it correlates with the concept of Mandagni, reflecting the digestive capacity's impact on overall health. Understanding this aspect is crucial for formulating treatment strategies for diseases like rheumatoid arthritis.

67) Peer review:
'Peer review' indicates a critical process where other experts evaluate research for quality, validity, and significance before publication. This mechanism is essential to uphold scientific integrity, particularly in studies that bridge traditional Ayurveda and modern genetic research, ensuring findings are robust and credible within the scientific community.

68) Human body:
The 'Human body' refers to the complex biological system of humans composed of various organs, tissues, and cellular structures. In the context of this research, understanding the intricacies of the human body contributes to effectively linking Ayurvedic concepts of health and constitution with modern genetic studies to target diseases like rheumatoid arthritis more effectively.

69) Transformation (Transform, Transforming):
'Transformation' represents significant changes, particularly in health paradigms where knowledge from traditional medicine (like Ayurveda) adapts to modern scientific practices. The transformation of healthcare delivery towards personalized medicine requires integrating insights from ancient texts and contemporary research emphasizing customized treatment strategies based on genetic and phenotypic variability.

70) Pittadosha (Pittadosa, Pitta-dosha):
'Pitta-Dosha' represents one of the critical Ayurvedic doshas, influencing metabolism, digestion, and energy levels. Understanding Pitta is essential for categorizing individuals in the study, particularly in assessing how this dosha impacts the risk and development of rheumatoid arthritis, leading to tailored therapies based on individual constitution and health patterns.

71) Observation:
'Observation' refers to the active process of monitoring and analyzing phenomena or symptoms pertinent to medical research. In this context, thorough observations are essential for understanding the impact of various doshas on health, particularly how manifestations of diseases like rheumatoid arthritis can vary across different individuals based on their Prakriti.

72) Vatadosha (Vatadosa, Vata-dosha):
'Vata-dosha' illustrates the qualities of movement, air, and space within the Ayurvedic system. This dosha is important for classifying subjects to analyze their health conditions accurately. Understanding Vata's role in health and disease sheds light on targeted approaches for managing rheumatoid arthritis and other conditions influenced by individual doshic imbalances.

73) Discussion:
'Discussion' refers to the analytical dialogue on study findings amongst researchers, allowing for interpretations, implications, and further hypotheses to be articulated. In this research, a thorough discussion helps bridge the gap between traditional Ayurvedic principles and contemporary genetic studies, enhancing understanding and suggesting future directions for investigation.

74) Substance:
'Substance' in a medical context often refers to biological compounds affecting bodily functions and health. Recognizing substances influencing inflammation and pain, such as cytokines and other mediators in rheumatoid arthritis, is vital for designing effective therapeutic interventions that harmonize with Ayurvedic principles of treatment.

75) Suffering:
'Suffering' indicates the adverse physical and emotional experiences associated with diseases like rheumatoid arthritis. Acknowledging suffering emphasizes the importance of personalized approaches in treatment frameworks that take into account individual Prakriti, aiming to alleviate the unique burdens faced by patients through integrated care practices.

[Note: The above list is limited to 75. Total glossary definitions available: 101]