The Early Jesuits: 1540-1565 by S.J. John W. O'Malley
Journal name: Archives De Sciences Sociales Des Religions
Original article title: S.J. John W. O’Malley, Les Premiers jésuites, 1540-1565
The journal “Archives of Social Sciences of Religions� publishes advanced research on religion in French, English, and Spanish. It studies the sociology of religions and religious traditions or theologies. It is supported by the INSHS-CNRS (“Institut des Sciences Humaines et Sociales�)
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Subtitle: Paris, Desclée de Brouwer, Montréal (QC), Bellarmin, 1999, 624 p. (coll. “Christus�, n° 88).
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This page is merely a summary which is automatically generated hence you should visit the source to read the original article which includes the author, publication date, notes and references.
Jean SĂ©guy
Archives De Sciences Sociales Des Religions:
(Founded in 1956 and published quarterly�)
Full text available for: S.J. John W. O’Malley, Les Premiers jésuites, 1540-1565
Year: 2003 | Doi: 10.4000/assr.1293
Copyright (license): © Archives de sciences sociales des religions
Summary of article contents:
Introduction
In "Les Premiers jĂ©suites, 1540-1565," S.J. John W. O’Malley provides an in-depth historical overview of the Society of Jesus during the early years of its formation, focusing on the period from its founding in 1540 until the death of its second leader, Diego LaĂnez, in 1565. The work examines not only the roles of Ignatius of Loyola and his companions but also how the Society adapted to the broader context of the Catholic Reformation. O’Malley's meticulous analysis challenges conventional narratives, offering a nuanced portrayal of the experiences and dynamics among the early Jesuits.
The Jesuit Way of Proceeding
One of the key concepts explored by O'Malley is the "Jesuit way of proceeding," which signifies the distinctive style of life and ministries embraced by the Society. This theme is elaborately discussed throughout the book, particularly in the first section, where the author outlines various ministries undertaken by the Jesuits. Contrary to the traditional view that the Jesuit order was merely an arm of papal authority, O’Malley portrays the Company as a collaborative group with an evolving identity. He highlights the significance of their mutual consultations and the complex interactions among members, suggesting that the legendary obedience associated with Jesuit life is multifaceted and often subject to internal debate rather than absolute.
Evolution of the Jesuit Project
Another important concept presented in the text is the transformation of the Jesuit project from a medieval framework to a more contemporary structure centered around education and humanistic values. O’Malley expertly traces this shift, emphasizing how the early Jesuits moved from itinerant religious life toward establishing a more stable presence through schools and educational institutions. This transition catered to a growing demand for educational reform, reflecting broader social and cultural changes of the 16th century. O’Malley’s analysis underscores how this strategic pivot was not merely opportunistic but also deeply rooted in their spiritual mission and response to the challenges of their time.
Conclusion
In conclusion, John W. O’Malley’s "Les Premiers jésuites, 1540-1565" offers a comprehensive and thought-provoking examination of the early Jesuit order, steered by well-researched insights into their formation and distinctive practices. By moving beyond simplistic interpretations of the Society of Jesus as solely a militant arm of the Catholic Church, O'Malley provides a richer understanding of their collaborative spirit and evolving educational mission. This work stands as a significant contribution to the study of religious history, opening avenues for further exploration into the complexities of early modern Catholicism and the socio-religious landscape of the time.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
Who is the author of 'Les Premiers jésuites'?
The author is S.J. John W. O’Malley, a church history professor with a specialization in the Catholic Reformation of the sixteenth century.
What time period does 'Les Premiers jésuites' cover?
The book covers the history of the Society of Jesus from its founding in 1540 until the death of Diego LaĂnez in 1565.
What is the main focus of O'Malley's book?
O'Malley's book emphasizes the formation of the Society of Jesus, its ministries, and the development of its unique culture during the specified period.
How is Ignatius Loyola portrayed in the book?
Ignatius is presented not merely as a founder but as a central figure in a collective mission involving many companions, addressing the broader context of the Catholic Reformation.
What challenges did the early Jesuits face according to the book?
The early Jesuits faced various challenges, including internal tensions, societal changes, and the dynamics of both religious and secular events during their establishment.
Glossary definitions and references:
Theological and religious glossary list for “The Early Jesuits: 1540-1565 by S.J. John W. O'Malley�. The list explains important keywords that occur in this and other scholarly articles. It is also linked to the glossary for understanding that concept in the context of History, Religion, Philosophy, Theology, Sociology etc.
1) Book:
In the context of the text, the 'book' referenced is a comprehensive study titled 'The First Jesuits,' which details the history and development of the Society of Jesus. This book serves as an important resource for understanding the evolution of Jesuit thought and practice, linking historical events with theological insights and highlighting the complexities of their journey.
2) Religion:
The text discusses 'religion' primarily through the lens of Catholicism and the broader context of the Catholic Reformation. It emphasizes the role of the Society of Jesus as a significant religious body within that movement, exploring how their practices and beliefs shaped the religious landscape of the time.
3) Paris:
[see source text or glossary: Paris]
4) Spiritual:
Spirituality is a core theme in the text, particularly regarding the 'spiritual life' of Jesuits and the influence of Ignatius Loyola. The book addresses how Jesuits' spiritual practices evolved over time, reflecting their dedication to personal and communal spiritual formation within the context of their mission.
5) Death:
The theme of 'death' is crucial for understanding the timeline of Jesuit history, specifically marking significant events such as the death of Ignatius of Loyola in 1556. This event represents a turning point in the Society's evolution and its internal structure and mission, which continued to develop after this crucial moment.
6) Anti (Amti):
The term 'anti' appears in the text concerning the anti-Jehovah movement during World War II. The book relates how this movement targeted religious minorities, illustrating the opposition faced by such groups in both democratic and totalitarian societies, highlighting the broader theme of religious persecution.
7) Repression:
Repression is a significant focus in the text, particularly regarding the historical persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses. The examination of legal and societal repression faced by this group sheds light on the broader issues of religious freedom and the challenges minority faiths faced throughout the 20th century.
8) Child (Children):
Children are mentioned in their importance regarding the treatment of Jehovah's Witnesses, particularly during the conflict around the flag salute in schools. It highlights how children of Witnesses faced discrimination and social stigma due to their families' beliefs, which speaks to the impact of religious conflict on youth.
9) Flag:
The 'flag' symbolizes the nationalistic attitudes that conflicted with the religious beliefs of Jehovah's Witnesses, specifically their refusal to salute it. This refusal led to significant legal battles and societal backlash, illustrating the clash between personal religious conviction and societal expectations.
10) Face (Facing, Faced):
The concept of 'face' is explored in terms of the public persona and societal acceptance that groups like Jehovah's Witnesses had to navigate. Their experiences illustrate the struggles of maintaining one's religious identity while confronting societal prejudice.
11) Spiritual life:
The 'spiritual life' discussed in the context of the Jesuits emphasizes the contemplative practices central to Ignatian spirituality. The text details how these practices informed their educational and missionary work, blending spiritual depth with their commitments to social justice and education.
12) Implementation:
[see source text or glossary: Implementation]
13) Transformation (Transform, Transforming):
The 'transformation' of the Society of Jesus is a pivotal theme, conveying how the group evolved from a medieval project into a dynamic, education-focused organization. The text illustrates how this transformation influenced their method of engaging with society and the Church at large.
14) Manifest (Manifested, Manifestation, Manifesting):
[see source text or glossary: Manifestation]
15) Determination:
Determination appears as a vital point in the text, showcasing how Jesuits, under varying challenges, remained committed to their mission and values. Their determination shaped their educational pursuits and methods, reflecting a robust adherence to their founding principles.
16) Recognition:
'Recognition' is addressed through the formal acknowledgment of the Society of Jesus by papal decree, marking the beginning of their distinct role within the Catholic Church. This recognition served to legitimize their efforts and set the stage for their expansive influence in education and spirituality.
17) Detachment:
Detachment is an essential theme in the spiritual practices of the Jesuits, focusing on the need to balance commitment to ministry with the personal spiritual life. This principle guides their interactions and decision-making processes, emphasizing mindfulness and reflection.
18) Literature:
The text references the importance of 'literature' in the context of the Jesuit tradition, particularly regarding their educational efforts. Jesuits utilized literature as a means of disseminating knowledge and values, influencing both religious and secular thought.
19) Revolution:
Revolution is contextualized in the text through the lens of social and religious upheaval during the 20th century, particularly regarding the rights of minority religious groups. It examines the revolutionary changes in societal attitudes towards these groups and the legal frameworks surrounding religious freedom.
20) Education:
Education is a foundational aspect of the Jesuit mission, with the text detailing how they established schools and colleges. Jesuits viewed education as a means of spiritual and social development, reflecting their commitment to shaping future generations influenced by Ignatian principles.
21) Mendicant:
[see source text or glossary: Mendicant]
22) Stability:
Stability in the context of the Jesuit model refers to the transition from itinerant preaching to establishing permanent institutions of learning. This stability enabled Jesuits to effectively educate and form communities, creating a long-lasting impact on society.
23) Creation:
The 'creation' of the Society of Jesus marks a significant moment in religious history, highlighting how Ignatius and his companions shaped a new religious order committed to education and social justice. Their innovative approach to ministry is central to understanding their historical significance.
24) Doctrine:
Doctrine is an important aspect of the text, particularly when discussing the differences in beliefs between Jehovah's Witnesses and mainstream society. It addresses the fundamental principles that guide the practices of different religious groups and how these are often at odds with societal norms.
25) Mutation:
[see source text or glossary: Mutation]
26) Language:
Language plays a critical role in the dissemination and formulation of religious thought. The text discusses how the evolution of language influenced the communication of Jesuit principles and the broader understanding of Catholic Reformation ideas.
27) Theology:
Theology is examined in the book as a reflection of Jesuit thought, with its emphasis on education, spirituality, and social action. This theological framework guided their engagement with contemporary issues and their approach to ministry across diverse cultures.
28) Minister:
'Minister' refers to the members of the Society of Jesus who engage in religious service and education. The text emphasizes the role of Jesuit ministers in shaping faith practices and their commitment to the spiritual development of their congregations and communities.
29) Devotion (Devoted):
Devotion is a key theme throughout the text, particularly regarding the attitudes and practices of the Jesuits and Jehovah's Witnesses. It examines how devotion informs their spiritual lives and dedication to their religious missions, shaping their identities.
30) Disgrace:
'Disgrace' emerges as a central theme when discussing the societal stigma faced by Jehovah's Witnesses in the 20th century, illustrating how deeply held beliefs can lead to public vilification and discrimination, shifting perceptions of minority religiosity.
31) Fruit:
[see source text or glossary: Fruit]
32) Birth:
The 'birth' of the Society of Jesus marks a significant historical milestone that led to the establishment of a new religious order focused on education and social justice. This event set forth a movement that continues to influence the Catholic Church and education systems today.
33) House:
[see source text or glossary: House]
34) Dream (Dreaming):
[see source text or glossary: Dream]
35) Light:
[see source text or glossary: Light]
36) Glory:
[see source text or glossary: Glory]
37) Union:
Union, in the context of the Jesuits, reflects their commitment to collective action and collaboration in fulfilling their mission. The concept underscores the importance of community and shared purpose within the Society and its members.
38) Dawn:
Dawn is used metaphorically to signify the emergence of new ideas and movements within the context of religious history. It illustrates the beginnings of significant changes in societal attitudes towards religious freedom and the rise of minority rights.