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Chapter 2 presents a brief overview of the history of meditation in Jainism, starting with an analysis of the accounts of the meditative practices of 惭补丑腻惫墨谤补. It provides an outline of the practices of meditation attested in Jaina canonical, classical, medieval and early modern texts and an assessment of the Buddhist and Hindu influences on Jaina meditation.

Chapter 3 examines customary meditational practices performed within the Ter膩panth sect (founded 1760), which were influential in the subsequent development of 辫谤别办峁Ｄ�-诲丑测腻苍补. This chapter consists of three main parts. First, it examines meditative practices in early Ter膩panth from 1751鈥�1881, including the practices of holding one鈥檚 breath (R膩j. 蝉腻峁僺补-谤耻峁卍丑补), tolerating extreme heat from the sun (腻迟腻辫补苍腻) and abandonment of the body (办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补), as well as Jay膩c膩rya鈥檚 meditation.

The second part of chapter three describes the historical context from 1944鈥�1975, the motivations, intentions and personal practices of 罢耻濒补蝉墨 and Mah膩praj帽a which led to the development of 辫谤别办峁Ｄ�-诲丑测腻苍补. It reconstructs the historical stage of the development of this new meditational system, which includes textual studies, various meditative practices of pre-辫谤别办峁Ｄ�-诲丑测腻苍补 camps (艣颈惫颈谤补), meditative experiments and other innovative approaches. For example, the incorporation of modern scientific knowledge in the field of Jaina meditation. This led to a planned reinvigoration of Jaina meditation, which gained traction within the monastic and lay Ter膩panth community and later beyond it. The third part describes the launch of 辫谤别办峁Ｄ�-诲丑测腻苍补 in 1975.

Chapter 4 investigates the way in which the fully developed system of 辫谤别办峁Ｄ伝宄蟛饽宀圆� has been constructed. It examines the building blocks of 辫谤别办峁Ｄ�-诲丑测腻苍补. It demonstrates that Mah膩praj帽a drew on various types of sources for the construction of 辫谤别办峁Ｄ�-诲丑测腻苍补. In this thesis, I discuss seven types of sources: (i) Jaina textual accounts of meditative practices; (ii) elements of Hindu yoga systems; (iii) elements of Buddhist 惫颈辫补蝉蝉补苍腻 meditation; (iv) 膩yurvedic concepts; (v) astronomical elements; (vi) modern science; and (vii) reflections on his own experiences and explorations. The chapter will highlight the formulation of the methods of 辫谤别办峁Ｄ�-诲丑测腻苍补 with reference to modern science, a decisive shift in Jaina monastic doctrine.

Finally, chapter 5 focuses on other forms of modern Jaina meditation, since there are a number of other 艢惫别迟腻尘产补谤补 Jaina sects who have also developed new forms of meditation in the twentieth century. Within the 惭奴谤迟颈辫奴箩补办补 tradition, it investigates three meditative systems, namely 鈥楯ain Meditation鈥� by Gurudeva Citrabh膩nu (b. 1922), 厂腻濒补尘产补苍补-顿丑测腻苍补 (Support-Meditation) by Bhadra峁卥aravijaya (1903鈥�1975), and Sambodhi-顿丑测腻苍补 (Enlightenment-Meditation) by Muni Candraprabhas膩gara (b. 1962). It also examines three new systems from the 厂迟丑腻苍补办补惫腻蝉墨 tradition: Araham-Yoga (Yoga/Meditation on the Omniscient) of 膧肠腻谤测补 厂耻艣墨濒补 碍耻尘腻谤补 (1926鈥�1994), Sam墨k峁�a峁嘺顿丑测腻苍补 (Analytical Meditation) of 膧肠腻谤测补 N膩n膩l膩la (1920鈥�1999), and 膧迟尘补-顿丑测腻苍补 (Self-Meditation) by 膧肠腻谤测补 艢ivamuni (b. 1942). All these modern meditation systems are presented in a chronological sequence and compared with 辫谤别办峁Ｄ�-诲丑测腻苍补. The chapter assesses the reasons for the current proliferation of new systems of meditation in the Jaina tradition.

Conclusion

I consider Prek峁Ｄ�-诲丑测腻苍补 is an innovative modern system of meditation, manifestly different from older methods of meditation in the Jaina tradition. The rest of the chapters will show how in Jaina literature the traditional forms of meditation developed over the ancient, classical and medieval periods, and how these received theories and techniques contrast with modern Jaina meditation methods, such as 辫谤别办峁�a-诲测腻苍补.