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笔谤别办峁Ｄ�-诲丑测腻苍补 was not the first innovation of meditation practices in the Jaina tradition. This study will show that, while some of the old practices continued, Jaina meditation^[1] underwent several shifts in approach, classification and form in the classical and medieval periods, as a result of its interaction with classical Hindu systems of meditation, yoga and tantra which radically re-shaped its theory and practice. Jaina meditational theory and practice subsequently underwent a second profound transformation, due to its encounter with modern Buddhist techniques of meditation, and again in its interaction with modern society, in particular as a result of the influence of modern scientific and medical discourses.

My hypothesis is that in the twentieth century early ascetic and medieval ritualistic forms of Jaina meditation came into contact, with elements from both modern natural science and modern non-Jaina forms of meditation. This resulted in the development of 辫谤别办峁Ｄ�-诲丑测腻苍补, and other new forms of Jaina meditation of 20^th century, which presented a new synthesis of ancient and modern elements.

Hence I propose to distinguish between three types of Jaina meditation: (1) ascetic, (2) ritualistic, (3) modern. I will attempt to prove that early Jaina literature does not describe the same type of meditative practices that were developed by Mah膩praj帽a in the modern period, and that classical and early modern accounts of Jaina meditative practice are quite different from 辫谤别办峁Ｄ�-诲丑测腻苍补. I will investigate relevant textual sources to provide a historical overview of early forms of Jaina meditation, which form a substratum for modern forms of meditation.