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Other Schools and Cults : Other systems of philosophy which have been referred to in the Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa are Natthiyavaya, Samkha and Joga. Sometimes the two are referred to together. 1. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 26. 2. Ibid., 273, 286.

532 Natthiyavaya : Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa refers to two exponents of Natthiyavaya; they are Harimamsu, a minister, and a god by name Cittacula. Their Philosophy : Harimamsu who was a minister to the king Dakkha of Paitthana was of the opinion that there is nothing beyond this world or beyond the life which we see. It is all sunna, i.e. empty 1. This view is further emptyl. explained more clearly elsewhere that a person who critically thinks (paricchayamaya) can find that (i) there is no such entity as soul (jiva) which has an existence independent of the body (natthi dehavairitto jivo), and which transcends to another world (paraloga). If it were to have an independent entity it could be ascertained, (uvalabhejja) as is the case in distinguishing a bird from the cage. Secondly, there is no merit or sin ( na punnapavam ) or its enjoyer (phalanubhagi); and lastly, there are no such places as heaven and hell which a person attains as a fruit of merit or sin. If some one holds such an opinion it is just 鉁� hearsay. He further explains 1. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 278.

533 that what ignorant people call 'soul' is just a product of the conjunction of five elements called the human being (pamcanham mahabhuyanam samjogo manussasannio uppajjati, jattha jivasanna logassa aviyanagassa). The rainbow comes to an existence just through an accident (jahiccha) and disappears similarly. Similar is the case with human life¹. Another analogy to show that the so-called soul has no independent existence, is that of wine given by king Kurucamda who was also a nahiyavadi. He holds that just as the ingredients of wine when put together, produce bubbles and foam, in a similar manner when the five elements come together, they create a being (purisa) which we call soul². The followers : King Dakkha influenced by the principles of Harimamsu marries his own daughter³. King Kurucamda, because of belief in such a philosophy of life killed many animals and became completely a characterless (nissila) and irreligion is person (nivvaa ) 4. 1. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 275. 2. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 169. 3. Ibid., 276. 4. Ibid., 169.

534 The Natthiyavada of Cittacula, a god, must have been of course, of a different type from the Natthiyavaya of Harimamsu, which does not admit of the existence of any place such as heaven. There are no details in the text about the philosophical doctrines which Cittacula held. He is simply said to have carried on a discussion with Khemamkara, who excelled him in arguments and made him accept the Jaina doctrine¹. Probably the use of the word nastika in this connection was meant to signify a non-believer in the Jaina doctrines 2. 1. Vasudevahindi(F), 329. 2. The Sanskrit word nastika has undergone a semantic change in the course of time. The word was previously applied to a system of philosophy or to a person not believing in the authority of the Vedas; and in this sense the Buddhist and Jaina systems of philosophy were called nastika darsanas. Later on, however, it signified a person who does not believe in the other world (paraloka) and in this sense Carvakas are nastikas. And in our context this probably is the difference between Cittacula and Harimamsu.