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Causes of renunciation鈥擜 house-holder, through the practice of temporary asceticism in the form of Uvasagapadimas tried to reach the 1 disciplinary level of a monk; and was expected, only after the satiation of worldly desires (kamabhoge), to accept asceticism at a mature age 2. But there are instances of princesses becoming nuns at a young age after being allowed to renounce, the world by their parents as "all the maidens from the family of Ikkhagas renounce the wor But this was not the case with every family 4. world"³. In several cases, agitation in the mind of a person as a result of listening to the preachings of Titthayavas or other religious leaders turned into a liking for religious life (samvega); and was responsible for renounciation of the wordly life 5. 1. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 337. 2. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 125, 273. I 3. Akkhaganam vamse savvakanna pavvayamti; Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 288. 4. No one had renounced from the family of Jambu for generations together, Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 4. 5. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 5, 306, 343.

475 shi Sometimes sudden readization of the ephemeval character of the worldly life was experienced through the disappearance and hence indicative of the temporary nature of a beautiful cloud, or through the hair turning grey². Recollections of religious life led in previous birth made one renounce the world ³. In the case of Vakkalaciri, it was the act of the use of the upper garment as a payakesariya, which made him recollect his former birth as a Jaina monk. He afterwards renounced the world 4. In several cases complete disgust for, or disregard towards the nature of worldly existence (nivveya) 5 urged a person to wear the robes of a monk. 1. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 23, 331. 3. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 272, 272, 286-288. 2. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 17. 4. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 19. 5. When asked what was the reason of his nivveya, Vamtamaya answers that the queen pupphadamta responsible for his nivveya; Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 286. was Jambusami states that the recollections of the grief of remaining in the womb (gabbhavasadukkha) was enough to create nivvea in the mind of a person Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 9. It will be clear from this that nivvea is a state of mind which one forms voluntarily.

476 Frustration in love 1 or marital life 2, and the depression coming over after the death of wife³, also responsible for renounciation. L To escape from the clutches of law was also a motive 4, in some cases, in joining the order of monks. A trader with a view to escape the consequences of a wager, became a monk 5, while in the case of Prince Migaddhaya, who was ordered by the king himself to be ha L beheaded, was saved by a shrewd minister by initiating him as a monk 6. In a few cases, renunciation was done under A case is cited 7 where one of the brothers who pressure. becomes a Jaina monk, visits his house with the declared determination to bring his younger brother to the fold of monks. The younger brother, who at that time was being married, receives his elder brother against the desire of the members of his family. The elder keeps his younger 1. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 306. 3. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 22. 2. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 49. 4. See Thanamga, 1646: where a debtor is prohibited entry into the order%; see also Mahavagga, pp 108-09. 5. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 117. 6. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 272. 7. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 87. 2

477 brother engaged in talk and takes him to the monastery. Here the former declares falsely that his brother has accompanied him with the intention of becoming a monk. The younger brother, though stunned, does not let him down. After the elder's death the reluctant monk returns In yet another instance a to the house-holder's life 1. god in the form of a physician asks for the services of an ailing boy. He treats him, and as his fees makes him carry the surgical box. Tired sheerly by its weight, the boy is relieved only when he agrees to enter the monastic order 2. Yet another example is more interesting as it throws light on the contemporary organization of the Jaina church. In this case, after the death of his wife a brahmin becomes a Jaina monk along with his very young son (daharaga davaga) ³. The child, as he grew in age, did not like the hard life of a Jaina monk which made him eat stale food and use hard bed. He discontinues his life as a monk and becomes a householder (agaravasa) 3. 1. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 20-22. 2. Ibid, 87. Enlightenment by gods (devasannatti) the one of causes of renunciation; Thanamga, p. 473 b. to the L 3. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 22. 'Nisithacurni gives pers mission six types of children which could be ordained.' Among which is included 'a child all the relatives except the father monk of whom were dead', Deo, S.B., Op.cit., P.367.

478 The later parts of the Vasudevahindi more or less give the same causes of renunciation, viz., the realization of the ephemeral character of the world after listening to a religious discourse 1 and the frustration in worldly career ².