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Both in the case of men and women the routine followed seems to be as follows:- Before meals the person took bath and got dressed ³. There was no hard and fast rule about the order of the toilette%3B it could be done either before the bath or after it 4. Before taking bath, the body was shampooed with oil (abhamgi) and rubbed with fragrant paste (uvvaliya) 5. In the Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, there is a list of material to be kept ready before bath. It included oil for shampoo (abbhamga), a garment meant for covering (acchadana) ornaments (alomkava) and ather garments (vattha). Before 1. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, 1.5a; II.96ab. On p. 96ab of Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa II, the author gives a detailed process of preparing muhavasayas. 2. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II. 50a, 139b. 3. majjiyapasahiyajimiya, Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 141; nhaya kayabalikamma bhuttabhoyana Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 140. 4. abbhamgiuvvaliya jimiyamajjya, Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 288. 5. Ibid.; 6. Ibid.; 145.

298 taking a bath a different garment suitable for oil (sinehadharaniya) was worn. In a ceremonial bath a person was bathed with a hundred and eight jars (kalasa), of three types viz, 3 2 of gold, of silver and clay' Before getting dressed, a thick paste of (vannaga, anulevana) of sandal, and scents were applied to the body ³. The ladies painted their feet with the juice of lac (camgalattaga) 4. Reference to collyrium (kajjala) has also been made 5. Proper care and decoration of hair formed 6 a part of the toilette both for the males and women folk. of Fashions of shaving half the head (addhamumda) or a part of it (cirikamumda)? in the case of males were looked down upon. Reference to profusely ornamented hair 8 (kesahattha) in the case of maidens and women has been made. Women in separation were expected to tie their hair in a single braid (venibambha) 9. 1. Ibid., 204. 2. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 273, a hundred and eight jars of water were poured twice on Vasudeva, once by the priests and the second time by old ladies; Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 196. 3. Ibid.: 119, 169 5. Ibid.; 37- 7. Ibid.; 96. 4. Ibid., 65, 32. 6. Ibid.; 17. 8. Ibid., 65, 179, 280. 9. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 72, 154.

299 As compared to the Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, the Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa gives more details about the daily routine and toilet. The routine of a house holder appears to be as follows: He took bath twice or thrice a day¹. In case he did not take bath in the morning, he brushed teeth with tooth-wood, washed his face, dressed himself 2 and attended to his duties. Every time after his bath and before the meals he worshipped the gods ³. In the evening, after taking bath and applying pastes he lighted the lamps and took food. In the case of the king the routine started 5 with music. The instruments like padala, samkha, a pipe and lyre 6, and songs in praise of from the singers and bards 8 7 (sutamagadha) provided with music at dawn (pabhadugasamgida). 1. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II. 183a. 3. ibid.; II. 183a. 5. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, I. 9a, II. 148a. 7. Ibid., II. 196a. 10. Ibid., I. 45a. 2. Ibid., I. 39b. 4. Ibid.; II. 182b. 6. Ibid., I. 45a. 9. Ibid.; I. 9a.

300 The details of getting dressed both by the women folk and men are the same. They can be sumed up as follows: applying pastes (vilevana), fumming the hair (kesadhuvana) and clothes (padavasa), applying bees-wax (mayana) on the lips, moving a stick of collyrium in the eyes (nayanamjanarayana) and putting on flowers, ornaments and clothes 1. All the details of routine and toilet as given in the Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa are described below one by one in details. Care of the teeth : 2 , Proper attention was paid to the care of teeth. To prevent any decay due to diseases the teeth were dyed in various colours, matching to the hue of teeth, such as i) pomma (lotus red), ii) chappidaya (?), kisina (black), iv jamburasaya (of the colour of the juice of the fruit of rose of apple tree), v) addharakkhasa (?), vi) bahukkhamta(?), 1. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, 1.2. 38b; II. 182b, 183a, 237a. The above details of toilet are exactly similar to those described in the case of a nagaraka in the Kamasutra of Vatsyayana. See Chakladar, H.C. on. cit., p. 110. 2. It is told that the Vidyadharas did not need any dye for their teeth as they ate pure food. This was not the case with the mortals; Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II. 140ab. mortals;Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa

301 vii) aggaya (?) and viii) imdayudha (of the colour of the rainbow). In the Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa details of the procedure of dyeing teeth in the above-mentioned colours except the fifth and the seventh, are given elaborately¹. The It was It was a practice to brush teeth with twigs of specific trees, which were called damtakatthas. length of the twigs differed from caste to caste. expected to be ten, eight, seven and six-fingers broad in the case Brahmanas, khattiyas, Vaisas and Suddas respectively. The length of the twig in the case of ordinary people (payadapurisa) and women was six-finger broad (amgulas) so and was expected to be soft. In the case of a dignitary (mahapurisa), Like Vasudeva, the twig was twelve-finger broad (amgulas) in length 2. Bath and swimming : On an auspicious occasion, before taking the bath, the person was massaged with fragrant oils (abbhamga-gamdhiya-tella-tuppidasariro) and powders (uvvattana). At the time of massage a garment which could 1. Ibid.; 2. Ibid.; II. 193b.

302 accommodate stains of oil (abhamga) worn¹. was worn A fragrant towel (gamdhasai) A fragrant towel (gamdhasai) was also provided to 2 鈥� rub the body after the bath To the accompaniment of music ³ the person was bathed first with water scented with saffron and other unguents+. Three types of water 5 viz. probably hot, cold and luke_warm, seem to have been used in bath. While on a picnic the participants amused themselves with water-play (mahamajiana). In such a play, they threw at each other fragrant pastes of agallochum (agaru), Vermilion (cinapittha) and saffron.. Toilet of Kamini : 6 A young lady (kamini), before getting ready in the evening, besmeared her body with pastes (levana) and essences (surabhipajjamsana), furnigated (dhuvana) the hair, painted various parts of the body with the juice of lac, applied bees wax to the lips, and salved the eyes with 1. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II. 133b. 2. Ibid.; II. 134a. 3. Ibid.; II. 226b. 4. Ibid.; II. 193a. 5. Ibid. II. 226b. 6. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, I. 13a.

303 collyrium (mayanamjanarayana). Afterwards she put on ornaments and flowers. Scented pastes for the Body : pastes² The various pastes with which the person was bedaubed were those of sandalwood and its varieties. Yellow orpiment (goroyana), haritala) agallochum (kaleyaka), red arsenic (manosilabhamga), and sihakasara³. Other pastes which were prepared with the mixture of various perfumes, and essences of herbs are madanakusavannaga 7 8 Vijjadhara vannaga and amgarasahanagavannaga. In applying these pastes to the body, the medicinal 6 qualities of their components were taken into consideration, To quench the heat water mixed with champhor and sandal wood paste was usually sprikled, and leaves of banana tree (kayali) and lotuses were kept on the body 9. In rainy season 1. Ibid.; II. 188a. 2. In the description of the Namdana forest, the desire fulfilling trees of Kovina type are said to have various types of pastes (vatti) and scents (jutti) on them; Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa I.39a. 3. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa,1.9b; II. 145a. 5. Ibid.; II. 124b. 7, Ibid., II. 96b. 9. Ibid.; II. 130b. 4. Ibid.; I. 96. 6. Ibid.; II. 139a. 8. Ibid. ;

304 agallochum paste was applied 1, to keep oneself warm. the case of women, as observed earlier, the palms and feet 2 were painted with the juice of lac (alattaya). Collyrium : Vasudeva, while getting dressed for the In abhiseya ceremony, salved his eyes with antimony (sodomjana) toward off evils and the diseases of eye (savvanayanamaya-dosa-haram)3. Scenting the Hair : The hair were fumigated with perfumes (kesavasa, 5 kesadhuva). Madanakarambaga+, coradhuva and gamdhahatthidhuva were probably used for this purpose. A dhuva by name :7 surappiu' and other dhuvas described along with it in the Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa 8 were specifically meant for the hair. Like the Jinacakki which was a variety of kesavasa others also were in a stick-form (vatti) 9. , probably the 1. Ibid.; II. 81. 2. Ibid.; II. 124b. 3. ibid.; II. 134b. 4. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II. 193b. 5. Ibid.; II. 194a. 6. Ibid.; II. 96b. 7. Ibid.; II. 193b. 8. Ibid., 193ab. 9. Ibid.; II. 96b. 6

Scents : 305 Juttis were probably used like modern scents. They were in a liquid form 1. Two such scents named 3 gandhapisayi² and piyadama are referred to. The former was so profusely aromatic that it was supposed to awaken a person who was fast asleep.