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A person found guilty of killing an animal protected (abhayadinna) by the king 3³, stealing water from other's field 4, or stealing royal possessions such as ornaments 5 or practising adultery was sentenced with capital by L 1. For a similar verdict given the nikayavuddhas of the Vidyadharas; see Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 180-81. 2. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II.241ab. 4. Ibid., 295. 6. Ibid., 233. 3. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 270, 294. 5. Ibid.

122 punishment. Similarly, persons making amorous advances and desiring to kill a dasi were put to death. Sometimes an adulterer was made to embrane a red hot image of iron². The accomplice in adultery in the case referred to in the Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, a female mendicant (parivfaiya), was banished after cutting the nose and ears³. Prince Soyasa who was found guilty of being responsible for the murders of small boys was simply banished+. Committing of faults and offences like killing the horse from the royal stables and not returning the deposits (nasa) of others, cheating the king as regards his cows, by the royal officers were deemed as serious offences by the king. The whole family of the person who killed a royal horse was put into jail 5, the cheater in money was exiled, while the cowherd who cheated as regards the cows was destroyed completely 7. 1. Ibid., 297. 3. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 233. 2. Ibid., 296. 4. Ibid., 297. 5. Ibid., 39; Reference to pitiable condition of persons put in the jail (bamdhanagara) is also made in the Vasudevahindi(F), (p.172). They did not get good food and were made to work hard. 6. Ibid., 131. 7. Ibid., 297.

123 Similar punishments are also referred to in the Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa The wife of the crown prince Kanagaraha was found guilty of killing royal officers. She was ordered to be killed at the hands of the camdalas¹. A person violating the privacy of the princess+quarters was also similarly punished ². A female ascetic who was found guilty of killing royal officers and imposing her guilt on the queen was banished by the king. Before her exile, her nose, lips and ears were cut and she was made to wear a garland of bones and ride a donkey³. War : The Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa does gives a few descriptions of battles fought by kings. In these, it can be seen that the attacking army pitched a camp near the capital of the adversary king and beseiged it. The king of the city then used to come out of his citadel with his army and give a fight 4. 1. As a vajjha (vadhya) she was made to wear a garland of kanavira flower; Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II.12a. 2. Ibid., II.195b. 3. Ibid., II.17b. 4. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 207, 244, 365; sometimes instead of coming out, the people who were besieged would defend the city without trying for victory in an open war_fare. The description of cities like Rayagiha (Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 3) as having a moat and a big rampart (pakara) tend to support the above observation.

124 From the Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, it appears that the war was conducted both secretly and openly. In a secret warfare the king sent his army in bulk in some disguise for example, of ascetics, or attacked sometimes in the guise of a host of robbers (corabala) 1. In a declared war the king marched with his army openly (damdajatta) into the territory of the enemy 2. When such a march proceeded, both the sides intimated to one another their intentions through ambassadors who advised the respective adversary kings to surrender ³. 1. King Bhanucamda had arranged to send five hundred hundred aniyattagas (?) and seven armed soldiers of his army to his neighbouring country to rescue his kidnapped Son-in-law. The leader of this force entered the enemy's capital under the identity of Pamdaramga asceties and a the the army entered as a band of thieves Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, 214a; war conducted by prince Bhagirahidatta, in which he harassed the marching enemy with small encounters, is described as himdolaya-juddha and probably meant a guerrilla warfare (Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II.35a). ; 2. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II.123b, 157b, 243a. 3. Mandaradeva had dispatched such an ambassador to the court of Vasudeva; Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II.206a.

125 The ambassadors also declared in advance the time of attack on behalf their kings¹.