Essay name: Musical Instruments in Sanskrit Literature
Author:
S. Karthick Raj KMoundinya
Affiliation: University of Madras / Department of Sanskrit
The essay studies the Musical Instruments in Sanskrit Literature and its relationship with the South Indian musical tradition. The study emphasizes the universal appeal of music and documents how it pervades various aspects of life, art, literature, painting, and sculpture.
Chapter 2 - Origin and evolution of Music and Musical instruments
92 (of 99)
External source: Shodhganga (Repository of Indian theses)
Download the PDF file of the original publication
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The interesting relationship between Music and Mathematics:
Both music and mathematics are abstract, subtle as well as
concrete. They need not reflect situations and objects of the concrete
world as in literature and painting. Both seek the beauty of balance and
symmetry. Intricate mathematical calculations expressed in Jātis with
rāga bhāva give this form a brisk sprightly tone. Rhythm gives vitality
and order to melody, as already implied in the aphorism - śrutir māta
Layah pitā.
The Tāla system is also based on mathematics. The Sūladi Sapta
Tālas are 7 varieties of Tālas systematized by Purandaradāsa. Each of
these 7 Tālas is capable of 5 varieties through change of the laghu count,
which gives us 35 different Tālas. Each of these 35 Tālas is capable of
variations of gati (value per unit) viz., Catuśra (4) gati, Tiśra (3) gati,
Miśra (7) gati, Khanḍa (5) gati and Sankirṇa (9) gati. The total varieties
are thus 35 times 5, which is 175 Tālas. Accuracy is the essence of math.
Similarly, in music one has to be accurate in Tāla.
The calculations have to be exact in both rhythm and proportion.
Rhythm was considered an innate quality, whereas calculation in music
was acquired. The terms Laya is for rhythm and Tāla is for calculation.
The basic rhythm is called Sarva laghu, which is an even
progression in fours. Mathematics is a vital component of Indian
Classical Music. Tāla, which binds a composition and preserves it for
posterity is mathematics in action. Mathematics is thus the very
heartbeat of Indian music.
