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340 Informal Education: Traditional and Modern鈥擯arallel to these formal system of Ayurveda colleges there exist in Kerala the fragment of the age old traditional system of Ayurveda also. It is a fact that people treat these traditional practitioners with respect and high standards and efficiency of their treatment create admiration among the practitioners in modern medicine. The graduates in Ayurveda medicine often approach the traditional vaidyans to clear their doubts and enhance their knowledge in various aspect of Ayurvedic medicine which they have not studied in their formal stream of Ayurvedic education. Thus it is no wonder that such students who have additional knowledge obtained by way of their informal education excel other Ayurvedic doctors in the preparation of medicine and effective treatment. In the words of Dr. Vijith Sasidhar student of V.M.C Sankaran Namputiri traditional teaching method of Ayurveda is characterized by such unique steps. It is a deep transformation of student into a vaidya through close association with his guru. One has to learn from Guru's lifestyle, method of thinking, mode of analysis, style of case taking and skill to handle hard situations. My guru influenced me in all these aspects. through his silence. 44 Dr. Aswin Sastri is practising in Arogya Nikethan Ayurveda Ashramam, Hariharapura, Karnataka. He tells about his experience in the

341 gurukula that is with swadhyaya and learning with Guru. V.M.C Sankaran Namputiri. "I took one and a half years to go through the first 22 chapters. By this time I could feel a gross change in my approach to Ayurveda and to life. This simplicity and pure soul in him was making me to see Godlessness in him. As I was from Karnataka my accent was different. I still remember how many times he repeated to correct my pronunciation. I was fortunate to experience the true qualities of Guru. Learning and being with the Guru changed my approach to the science and to life. This really brought inspiration and motivation to practice generic Ayurveda.45 Let us examine two traditional Kerala scholars in Ayurveda who are interested in imparting traditional education to the desirous students who approach them. They are not only traditional Ayurvedic doctors but also great scholars in Sanskrit who have very good library of Sanskrit Ayurvedic texts. Sri. Vaidhyabhushanm Raghavan Thirumulpad at Chalakudy and V.M. Sankaran Namputiri, Vellur Mana are the most prominent scholars in Ayurveda. Raghavan Thirumulpad is a gifted writer and contributes articles and columns to various periodicals in Malayalam. The present researcher conducted an interview with Raghavan Thirumulpad. He was born at Chalakkudi in 1920. His father was

342 Narayana lyyer mother was Lakshmi kutty." 46 He is a famous scholar in Ayurveda, Jyotisa, a poet, translator and commentator, and a good teacher. He has got number of rewards and honours such as Acarya Vaidya Vacaspathy, Panditaratnam, Bishagratnam, Ayurveda Bhishmacarya, Vaidyabhushana and Bishagparamacarya. He is known as Keralapatanjali. 47 He had his formal education till the tenth class and after that he studied Sanskrit under Konoth Krishnan Varier who was well versed in specilised in Tarka and Nyaya. Then he studied Vyakarana from Subbaravu Parttar, Jyotisam and Maghakavya from Mandamparambathu Narayana Numputiri. Then he began life as a railway employee but had to abandon his job because of serious illness. This disease was a great turning point in his life. He decided to study Ayurveda. Vidyaranya Swami the disciple of Sree Narayana guru encouraged him. At the age of 24 he began to study Ayurveda under Vasudevan Nambisan who was a famous Ayurveda vaidyan that time. His previous knowledge in Sanskrit and Sanskrit sastra made the study easier. He was able to read original Ayurveda texts with their commentaries. Sanskrit Nyaya and Vyakarana helped him. His own experience gave him insights to the necessity of learning Sanskrit and Sanskrit Sastras which are indispensable, according to him, in the education of Ayurveda.

343 Many Ayurveda students visit his Ayurvedic clinic which is full of patience. These students are coming there with various purposes. 1. nh Some watch the methods of his treatment and want to learn more. about the simple medicines he prescribed and the changes in life style he advocates for the cure of the alignment. Some others want to learn Sanskrit from him and clear doubts about the passages in Astangahridaya and Carakasamhita or the other similar Ayurvedic texts. They are motivated by the feeling that the education they had received from the Ayurveda colleges is limited and there is much to learn from the traditional sources, which is not available through the formal education. Students from Thiruvananthapuram to Kannur visit Raghavan Thirumulpad and some of them study at his house for several days. During the time of leisure Thirumulpad teaches them Astangasamgraha. He recites the verses from his memory and explain the verses, word by word in Malayalam, always elaborating on the meanings which are relevant in the treatment in our modern times. As a result of this free and informal teaching and training the students are more and more attached to the Ayurvedic principles of treatment, which they begin to realize as a far better medicine than the modern medicine introduced from the west which has many harmful side effects.

344 Thirumulpad is of the opinion that each medical system has its own philosophy behind it. India is the land of Upanishads and Buddhism. The Upanishads preach the principle of unity in diversity and Buddhism calls. for love and compassion towards all beings. Ayurveda originated in the context of the great Indian darsanas and hence enlivened by the spirit of Indian philosophy. To understand Ayurveda the knowledge of Sankya yoga and Nyaya are essential. 48 He points out that the famous texts in Ayurveda like Astangahrdaya are written by Buddhists who were rational in thought and compassionate towards human beings. He remarks that Astangahrdaya deserves daily recital by the students as Gita is recited daily by the devotees. Once in a month all his disciples get together at his house and they read together Astangahrdaya and discuss relevant portions. He stresses the need that a good Ayurvedic physician must invariably posses textual knowledge and in order to understand the texts, the correct knowledge of Sanskrit is always necessary. To pass the examination, a student may read English. translation of relevant portions but one becomes a doctor if he is able to treat a patient with sufficient knowledge in medical science. A student who approaches Ayurveda with taste, interest and sincerely has to study Sanskrit assimilate the qualities of perception, accuracy powers of memorisation and analysis which are the Hall marks of Indian tradition.

345 Therefore a teacher who teaches Ayurveda should know Sanskrit very well and his teaching should transmit through the use of Sanskrit some qualities which could not be achieved by the teaching of English translations or the western methods which are ignorant of the Indian traditons. Thirumulpad always project Sanskrit and Ayurveda in his articles published in various health magazines and periodicals. 49 Sri. V. M. Sankaran Namputiri also follows the traditional way of treatment and teaching Sanskrit and the Ayurveda. He was born 11th march 1917 at Kalluvazhi, in Valluvanad Taluk, Kozhikode district. As it was the custom in those days he had his early education at home under private teachers with emphasis on the study of Sanskrit. At the age of eight he was initiated into the Vedas and other 50 sacred texts taught in the traditional style." The preceptor was Sri. Avanaparambu Narayanan Namputiripad, who was very influential in moulding his personality. He pursued the study of Sanskrit under eminent scholars like Sri. Anantha Krishna Sastrigal and Sri. Chinnakkutty Sastrikal and also learned English and Hindi under the studentship of Kesavan Nambisan. At the age of 16 he chose Ayurveda the age old Indian medicine as his future carrier and profession. Thus he studied for the next sixteen years under two great physicians cum teachers of the time. 51 Sri. Panjavoor Krishnan Namputiri was expert in Astangahrdaya,

346 Astangasamgraha and Visacikitsa. And also learned from Sri. Cherukulappuram Krishnan Namputiri was the teacher of Panjavoor Krishnan Namputiri. He specilised in Agadatantra (Visacikitsa) particularly in treating victims of snakebite and Balacikitsa under the later preceptor. He started practice at the younger age of twenty years initially under the guidance of his teachers. He considered it as a service to humanity and as his 'kuladharma'. Even expensive medicines prepared under his direction were given free to victims of snakebite. Being an exemplary teacher, he started teaching both Sanskrit and Ayurveda in the traditional style at a young age. He is an ardent teacher loved and respected by his disciplines for his style of teaching and earnestness. His students include those who after graduation from the recognized professional Ayurveda colleges of the country wish to have a 'feel' of the traditional way of education in the gurukula style. Number of students shared their great experience of learning from V.M. Sankaran Namputiri. Among these students Saranya is a licensed massage therapist in Australia. She studied Ayurveda under Dr. Vasant Lal at the Ayurveda Institute in New Mexico and continued her studies at 52 Nagpur and Kerala. Saranya says "Here is a Vaidya who had received his training through the authentic oral tradition passed down through his family through his two gurus - his grandfather, Agnisarman Namputiri and

347 his main guru Cherukulappuram Krishnan Namputiri. By becoming his student I feel the knowledge experience and the transmission of the 53 ancient science. Here I was meeting this amazing Vaidya who had studied in this way and still practice today. Following the way of oral tradition he began to teach and recite the Astangahrdayam by heart which to me was incredible. Here was a teacher who has light in his eyes and heart, whose sense faculties was functioning well at the age of 88 and who knows the whole text of the Astangahrdayam. amazing since I had been studying a little Ayurveda and had learned some sutras from the texts and he knew all the text. That was truly He started to teach me one particular sutra and revealed its true meaning. So I as a western student received a taste of what it was like to experience the knowledge and transmission of the text through a guru, as it was done traditionally in the past. I had more respect for the way Ayurveda was taught. Here was a living guru with incredible knowledge wisdom and experience in this ancient science, teaching daughter, grandson and passing this on to desirous students who also recognized the honour to learn from such a great Vaidya. 54 We sat and talked about how a traditional Visha vaidya practiced and how he had been practising for the last 60 years. He has treated many patients at that time and had cured around 500 snakebites and

348 other toxic conditions such as bites of scorpions, spiders etc. without receiving any money as fees. I learnt that when a snake bite victim comes to his door at any time day or night he will receive them and will immediately assess the prognosis, the extent of the environmental on and type of snake that bit the victim. He also takes into consideration any occurs, the bite mark and time and place of the bite etc. It is amazing and curious to me that he was able to read many omens that helped in the prognosis of the patient as well as in knowing whether a person was dead or was going to die. It is unfortunate that students of Ayurveda these days are not taught and shown these lessons experimentally. 55 It is good through that thus are student such as Dr. Sasidhar. Dr. Aswin, Neelakandan Namputiri, and Dr. Aparna and Sri Namputiri family who are interested in studying and learning under him, so that this knowledge will not be lost of the old days. V.M.C Sankaran Namputiri is a pearl in the ocean of Ayurveda. As a westerner I was moved to met such a incredible and traditional Vaidya who still practices and lives the way of Ayurveda in its earlier form. He is one of the few still practicing in Kerala who deserves much respect and gratitude for his contribution of Ayurveda. Dr. Sreejith, K.J, Pranavam Ayurveda Cikitsakendram Koduvalli, Kozhikode, was one of the student of V.M.C. He says "When I started my

349 education from him. I can understand the demerits of the Ayurvedic education from the Ayurveda Medical College. In college we learn few portions of the various texts but guru teach full text of Astangahrdaya first to last portion. This is entirely different from the college studies where as various texts are taught with different thoughts and ideas. In comparing these texts with each other, we are sometimes confused. But one who has studied Astangahrdaya deeply gets insight into the science. It is very useful to the study of Caraka and Susruta also. 56 57 Then VMC Sankaran Namputiri remembering his guru Cherakulappuram Namputiri says, "I approached Cherukulappuram and he accepted me as sishya. Then he taught Astangahrdayam twice. The first round of teaching a grantha is known as mukhamukham. Teacher and student sit face to face without any text. Guru chants the slokas from memory and the student repeats. This will give the right pronounciation. padacheda of the sloka is done and the stanza is split it into separate words. Through finding out the main verb and doing akamksa, anvaya, the proper arrangement of words is done. Thus literal meaning of the verse is understood. Usually referring to his own experience or some stories of old vaidyas, Guru will explain it technically. Further analysis of sloka will be done during the second round of teaching. Here each sloka is thought with commentaries on it. like Sarvangasundari or

350 Ayurvedarasayanam. Vimala Antarjanam, his daughter is a well known Ayurvedic toxicologist is also following father's feet, she also doesn't charge patients for treatment or medicines. Brahmadattan Namputiri his grandson is already famous for his scholarship. Following the traditions Brahmadattan teaches and practices Astangahrdayam, Neelakantan Namputiri, Mahesan and Aparna are also good disciples of Sankaran Nauputiri. Aparna is doing her graduation in Ayurveda after 10 years of her studies with him.' 58 Not only the Hindu but people from the other religious like Muslim and Christian are also following the Ayurveda treatment traditionally. One of the best example in this field is Dr. Kunchalan gurukkal and Voscpaikada. Kalan Nellai, Kuttanad Assignas Vaidyan etc.. Jose Paikada is working in Vaidyaratnam Ayurveda hospital, Thaikkattussery Research Department. His father Thomas Paikada and grand father Chandi was 59 traditional scholar in Ayurveda and Sanskrit. They concentrate in the treatment of Cancer and Visavaidya. Thomas Paikada studied Sanskrit through traditional method from the Punjar palace Kottayam. At that time he learned Amarakosa, Siddharupa, Kavya etc.. Then he learned Siddhantakaumudi at Ramakrishna Asram, Pala. Later he concentrated in Ayurveda. For this purpose he studied Carakasamhita because it interested him more. He has been teaching Sanskrit and Ayurveda for

351 more than seventy years. Now he is 86 years old. Jose Paikada had a guilty feeling because at the time of school education he was not interested in Sanskrit. Now he was very interested and learned Sanskrit because he understand Sanskrit is the key to others studies especially Ayurveda. In the field of research he faced difficulties due to the lack of sufficient Sanskrit knowledge. In the words of Jose Paikada the existing modes of Ayurvedic education, the teacher and taught do not give importance to Sanskrit students only concentrate in the examination and certificates had no depth. They teach and learn with help of translation texts. But his father could understand full text of Carakasamhita. Each and way time he recited the slokas he had also learned the slokas from my father. In the child hood he also opinions that Ayurveda doctors of above 45 years age can understand the importance of Sanskrit in Ayurvedic and the other Sastras. 60 The younger generation does not know its value. Changappally Gurukkal family of from Thirunavaya is one of the Muslim Vaidya families in Kerala follows us traditional Ayurvedic treatment. The present Researcher visited this family and hold talks with the head of the family, Dr. Kunchalan Gurukal.

352 Around 400 years back Samutiri had brought 4 members of the Thulu Brahmins from South Karnataka into Kerala for the treatment of injured soldiers in the tights that took place during the Mamanka festival at Thiruvavaya. Later in the period of Tippusultan they were converted into Muslim religion on the advice of Sufi Sainuddin Vakkad from Ponnani. They were settled in Thazhathara, Chellur, Kattiparati and Thirunavaya. They are called Changapally Gurukal and followed the tradition. 61 Dr. C. Kunchalan Gurukal comes from this tradition but he has his own point of view suited to the modern society. He learned Sanskrit language Sidharupa Balaprabodanam and Ayurveda in his child hood from his father Mammunni Gurukal and then he continued Sanskrit studies under his guru Veluvaidyan. He went to school but after the school time spent his time for the preparation of prescriptions to the patients and helped his father. Later he got degree in DAMS. Kunchalan Gurukal had acquired knowledge from two traditions. One is the family tradition from his father Mammunni Gurukal in Ayurveda and other is acquired from his Guru known as Mashurmulla Koya Thangal Sufi. He learned from the Sufi the treatment for injury of mind and body.

353 Mammunny Gurukal had given one textbook to his wife at the time of death asking her to give it to Kunchalan Gurukal when he completed the age of thirty five. He keeps that text as a treasure. Without the help of a Guru any traditional knowledge is incomplete. On the basis of this advise of his father he searched for a Guru after the death of father. This enquiry ended when he saw his spiritual Guru Mashur Mullakoya Thangal at Vadakara. He taught him a lot of race medicines and spiritual other knowledge.掳 62 After this learning he began understand himself. He says that a Vaidyan who has acquired spiritual ability would be able to understand other persons injuring to mind and body at first sight itself. This is the work of Gurus blessing. Kunchalan Gurukal is specialised in the treatment of tumour and cancer. His son and daughter also learned Ayurveda specially Marma & Sanskrit from his father. His son Dr. Gibu got MD in Allopathi and Dr. Firdouz got degree in BAMS. Both of them are practicing at Kunchalan Gurukal's hospital known as Changapally Vaidya Bhavan, Thirunavaya, Malappuram. Dr. Firdous during the conversation observed that various types of vatas like Avarana, Kapha and Pithavathas are mentioned in the Carakasamhita and Susrutasamhita. But in Ayurveda College, teachers

354 did not mentioned about these portions because it was out of syllabus. Similarly portions about the Padartha was also avoided in the college. But all these portions are essential for the completion of Ayurveda education and treatment. 63 His family tradition is given below as a tree Kunchamootty gurukkal (Traditional) MuhammadGurukkal (Traditional) Mammunni Gurukkal (Traditional) Kunchaln Gurukkal (Tadition + DAMS +Sufi) Dr. Firdous Iqbal (BSc. BAMS+ Tradition) Managing Director Jibu Gurukkal (M.D in Alopathy + Family Tradition) Changampilly Vaidya Bhavan Unfortunately they teach their traditional knowledge to their own family members only. At the same time they are excellent examples for the blending of the traditional and modern system of treatment.

355 He was sixty two years old and lives at Klayissery house, Urakum, Thrissur. At the age of five he started his education under his further Sankunny Vaidyan and at the age of ten years he studied Sanskrit and Ayurveda traditionally from his uncle Echaravaidyan. 64 Every day when he was young he learned Sidharupa, Amarakosa, Srikrsnavilasakavyam, Sriramodantham, Astanaguhrdayam etc.. After the education he started one Ayurvedic harmony and for the purpose of treatment prepared all medicines himself. He is also a teacher because he is teaching the secret and method of Ayurveda to his son. Mr. K.N Subrahmanyan and is also a practitioner in Ayurveda. 65 We have already seen that in Kerala, all most all traditional Vaidyas used Sahasrayoga, Yogamrtam, Cikitsamanjari, Sarvarogacikitsaratnam, etc., in addition to Caraka, Susruta Samhita and Astangahrdaya. Sanskrit and Sanskrit texts were popularized in Kerala during the time of aryanisation. But in Kerala the base of treatment was entirely different from these aryan tradition. Balavaidyam was followed by the Ezhava Community like Velan, Mannan and Kaniyan etc. All these Vaidyans had later were acquire knowledge both in Ayurveda and Sanskrit. They are specified in local diseases. 66 Nattuvaidyam was disconnected from the Sanskrit Aryavaidya when we started the textual Ayurvedic education formally. In the family

356 tradition of Vaidyas an assistant to a Vaidyan later becomes a Vaidyan. His education was informal. Malayalees studied vaidyam through Malayalam and they understand Sanskrit texts through Malayalam as it is the present method of Ayurvedic tradition. Most of them agreed to Sanskrit knowledge of Ayurvedic students is pitiable. The communicative language of classical Ayurveda is Sanskrit but student who passed the exam while he was ignorant in Sanskrit or in Malayalam. Nattuvaidyam which is uncodified and explained in the Palm leaf manuscripts and Kerala Ayurveda texts like yogas should be included in the curriculum of Ayurvedic education is very essential. Gurukula method is the proper method of Ayurvedic education. In the modern time it is not possible because this profession is also a part of University. University will be follow the Gurukula method in some aspects is very good like a Kalamandalam P. K. Varier confused that reason of the present problem related to Sanskrit knowledge of Ayurvedic students is inter related to the present system of education. 67 For the new innovations of Ayurvedic research students will enter into the classical texts. For this purpose students had get working experience in the auxiliary subjects of Ayurveda is very indeed. A student should be able to recite and explain the prakaranas in the Astangahrdaya, Caraka and Susruta, at the time of completion of his

357 degree or PG in Ayurveda. The teachers working in the Ayurveda colleges also have to evaluate their knowledge in the field of Sanskrit and Ayurveda. P. K. Varier asked how one could teach and learn perfectly with out enough knowledge in that field.