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√Kr [=√क� = √Kṛ] in its Various Meanings—The Mahabhasyakara has enunciated under the sutra 'bhuvadayo dhatavah' (1.3.1) the well-known principle of Sanskrit Semantics: bahvartha api dhatavo bhavanti. No other root illustrates this better than √kr. Among the illustrations of the above principle the Mahabhasyakara gives a few from √ky too: karotir abhutapradurbhave drstah nirmalikarane capi vartate prstham kuru, padau kuru, unmrdaneti gamyate, niksepane capi varate kate kuru, ghate kuru, asmanam itah kuru, sthapayeti gamyate. √Kr, which is found in the sense of 'to bring into being what did not exist before,' is found in the sense of 'to rub off too, e.g. , prstham kuru, 'rub off the back', padau kuru, 'rub off the feet'; it is also to be met with in the sense of 'to put', 'to place', e.g., kate kuru, ghate kuru, asmanam itah kuru 'put on the mat', 'put on the pitcher','put the stone this side'. Sanskrit literature furnishes many more instances of the variety of meanings that this root signifies. And the reason for this is no far to seek. √Kr signifies, kriyasamanya, action in general. Since all kriyavisesas, actions in particular, are fundamentally action, yatha lingasarvanama napumsakam tatha kriyasarvanama karotih, √kr comes to signify the various aspects of action denoted by other roots. The present paper is an attempt to pinpoint some of the more prominent and peculiar of these kriyavisesas, actions, actions in particular,' that this root signifies . In the Ramayana verse prabhatam rajanim drstva cakre sobham param punah 2 √kr is used in the sense 'to begin' (adikarma). In the Bhavabhuti verse vitarati guruh prajne vidyam t

tathaiva yatha jade na ca khalu tayor jnane saktim karoty apahanti va,³ √ky means 'to create', 'to generate'. The same precisely is its meaning in the popular expression bhayankara which is dissolved as bhayam karoti, karoti evidently meaning utpadayati, to feel', 'to experience' is, however, the sense of √kr with bhaya in the Mahabharata verses: ei. na bhayam cakrird parthat * ii. na cakara bhayam prapte bhaye mahati marisa³ = Ky in In the Manusmrti verse brahamanah pranavam kuryad adav ante ca sarvada,6 kr means 'to utter'; kuryat = uccarayet. In the expression padam mithya karayate which is formed by Pan. mithyopapadat krno 'bhyase (1.3.71), √kr means 'to utter repeatedly', abhyasa. In Pan sabdadarduram karoti (4.4.34), √kr means to analyse; sabdika is one who analyses a word, sabdam karoti: karoti vyakhyati, prakrtipratyayadipravibhagena vislesayati. While explaining Pankalapivaisampayanantevasibhyas ca (4.3.104) Kasikakara says: pratyaksakarino grhyante na tu sisyasisyah. The Padamanjari explains pratyaksakarinah as pratyaksa, from which the-evident conclusion-would-be-that-k in pratyaksakarinah means 'to study', 'to learn of This is also in can precisely the sense in the Mahabharata verses astrarthamense agamam durvam dhanurvedacikirsaya' manitah kurute 'strani sakrasadmani bharata; cakara 'ngirasam sresthad dhanurvedam (h guros tada? (vide Nilakantha's comment cakara=adhijage) and the Apastamba verse yam vidyam kurute gurau. 10 'To practise' is the sense of the root in the Ramayana verse unasodasavarso 'yam akrtastras ca raghavah11 (vide: Mahesvaratirtha's comment: akrtastrah= anabhyastastrah). 'To give' or 'to offer' is the sense of √ky in the Atharva verse yatra sulko na kriyate abalena baliyase, 12 the Ramayana verse abhyagacchan surah sarve tapahphalacikirsvah13 (vide: Govindaraja's comment: tapahphalam datum icchavah; Mahesvaratirtha's comment: tad datum icchavah), and the Manusmrti verse: sapavitrams tilan api agnau kuryat.14 The same is precisely the sense when the root is used with udaka a few specimens of which are: L

Vkr in its Various Meanings tato godavarim gatva nadim naravaratmajaul udakam cakratus tasmai grdhrarajaya tav ubhaun's samskrtya valinam te tu vidhipurvam plavangamahi ajagmur udakam kartum nadim sitajalam subhami116 patanti pitaro hy esam luptapindodakakriyahi"7 patitasyodakam karyam sapindair bandhavair bahih118 nasya karyo 'gnisamskaro na ca karyodakakriyar¹9 natrivarsasya kartavya bandhavair udakakriyai20 59 59 = At another place in the same work √kr has been used in the sense of 'to lay down': rsayas cakrire dharmam yo 'nucanah sa no mahan 21 (vide: Medhatithi's comment; cakrire vyavasthapitavantah. Panini krno dvitiyatrtiyasambabijat krsau (5.4.58) provides us with the indication of the sense of 'tilling' of √ky. In the expression bijakaroti ksetram √kr means 'to till'. The same meaning we come across in akrtam ca krtat ksetrat and phalahatam api ksetram na kuryad yo na karayet in the Manu²²and the Yajnavalkya-smrtis 23 respectively. 'To spend', 'to pass', is another sense of √kr in which it is found used in the Rgveda: bahvih sama akaram antar asmin 24 and the Mahabharata verse cakrus tenabhyanujnata dasa varsani panca ca. 25 This gets support from Panini samayac ca yapanayam (5.4.60) which enjoins the suffix dac to the word samaya with √ky in the sense 'to spend', 'to pass,' samayakaroti samayam yapayati . 'To outrage (the modesty)' is the sense of √kroin Manu verse: abhisahya tu yah kanyam kuryad darpena manavah.26 To narrate is the sense of √kr in the Dasakumaracarita line tanmulam atimahatim katham akarot.27 In such expressions as sulakaroti mamsam formed by Panini sulat pake (5.4.65 ) √kr means 'to cook'. This is also the sense in such popular expressions as krtakrtas tandulah28, krtannam, etc. In the well -known expression padakara √kr means 'to split'; (padam) karoti = avagrhnati. In sakrtkarir vatsah formed by Panini stambasakrtor in (3.2.64) √kr means 'to emit'. 'To accept ' is the sense of √kr in expressions like daran kurvita siddhaye , akrtadarah, etc. In the expression caurankaram akrosati formed by Panini karmany akrose krnah khamun (3.4.25) √kr means 'to cry'. Under Panini

3/ 60 Grammar and Linguistics rogaccapanayane (5.4.49) Kasikakara gives illustrations: pravahikatah kuru, kasatah kuru, chardikatah kuru where evidently the sense of √ky is to cure. In the Ramayana verse: havir ajyam purodasah kusa yupas ca khadirah naitani yatayamani kurvanti punar adhvare 129 √kr means 'to serve the purpose', viniyoga (vide Govindaraja's and Mahesvaratirtha's comment: kurvanti = viniyunjate). = In the Rgveda krdhi no bhagadheyam 30 √ky means 'to apportion'. 'To carry' is the sense of √ky in the Hitopadesa line sa bharyam sirasa karot³¹, akarot = uvaha. In the Mahabharata verse akrta te matis tata punar balyena muhyase 32 √ky means 'to become mature' cakrta aparipakva. In the Nalacampu line ma soke manah krthah 33 'to turn' is the sense of √ky. 'To confirm' is the sense of √ky in satyakaroti vanik bhandam given as an illustration of Panini satyad asapathe (5.4.66). A quotation from Katyayana in Apararkatika contains √ky in the sense of 'to prove'. The quotation is: abhiyokta dhanam kuryat prathamam jnatibhih svakam.34 In the Vetalapancavimsati expression dandam karoti,3 √ky means 'to award'. "To appoint', 'to assign to somebody' are the senses of √kr in such expressions as paurohitye ca cakre tam. In the Ramayana verse kuru no yacanam putra sita tisthatu bhamini,36 √kr means to fulfil. REFERENCES 35 1. Hence no notice of the rather well-known meanings of √kr in expressions like hrdi karoti, manasi karoti, kuru ghanoru padani sanaih sanaih, karisyasi padam punar asrame'smin, sanaih sanaih syamikaya padam krtam, akrtivisesesv adarah padam karoti, ksanam krtah, krtaksanah, ksanam kuru, anjalim karoti, krtanjalih, etc. 2. II. 6. 10 (Critical Edition)â˜� 3. Uttararamacarita, II. 4 4. Asvamedhikaparvan, 77.3 (Chitrashala Press Edition) O ren Tas 5. Mahabharata, Dronaparvan, 102, 23. (Chitrashala Press Edition) O 6. II 74. 7. Mahabharata, Adiparvan, 131.40. (Chitrashala Press Edition) O

Vkr in its Various Meanings 61 8. Mahabharata, Vanaparvan, 162.22 (Chitrashala Press Edition) # 9. Mahabharata, Santiparvan, 2.5(Chitrashala Press Edition) 10. 1.7.12. 11. III.36.6 (Critical Edition). 12. III. 29.3 13. I. 63.1. (Critical Edition). 14. III.300 15. III.64.35 (Critical Edition). 16. Ramayana, IV.24.42 (Critical Edition). 17. Gita, 1.42. 18. Manusmrti, V.68. 19. ibid., V.69. 20. ibid., XI.182. 21. ibid., II. 154. 22. Manusmrti, X. 114. 23. ibid., II. 158. 24. Rgvedea, X. 124.4. 25. Asramavasikaparvan, 1.6. (Chitrashala Press Edition). 26. Manusmrti, VIII. 367. 27. Nirnaya Sagar press Edition, p. 173. 28. Yajnavalkyasmrti, I. 286. 29. II.55.13 (Critical Edition). 30. VIII. 58.8; X.34.12. 31. III.2.4. cap 32. Asvamedhikaparvan, 2.15 (Chitrashala Press Edition). 33. XIV.22. 34. P.171. 35. 14.14 36. Appendix I, No. 15.10. (Critical Edition)