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痴腻蝉耻诲别惫补vijaya is an important contribution of Kerala to the 艢腻蝉迟谤补办腻惫测补 tradition. The poem is generally ascribed to 痴腻蝉耻诲别惫补kavi who belonged to Peruvanam near Trichur. The work comprising altogether 657 verses in seven cantos. The author depicts the story of Lord 碍峁涐梗峁嘺 and at the same time it illustrates the grammatical rules of 笔腻峁噄苍颈. The author illustrates almost all the 蝉奴迟谤补蝉 of 础峁ａ弓腻诲丑测腻测墨 except the 厂惫补谤补辫谤补办补谤补峁嘺. 笔补诲补肠补苍诲谤颈办腻 is an auto commentary on this work.

The authorship of the 痴腻蝉耻诲别惫补vijaya is highly controversial. Some scholars have had the opinion that the author of this poem is identified with the author of Govindacarita, 厂补峁僰峁�e辫补产丑腻谤补迟补, 厂补峁僰峁�e辫补谤腻尘腻测补峁嘺 etc. It is assumed on the basis of the resemblances found in these works. Ullur.S. Paramesvara Aiyer and Vatakkumkur Rajarajavarma identify the author of 痴腻蝉耻诲别惫补vijaya with the author of the Yamakak膩vya 驰耻诲丑颈峁ａ弓丑颈谤补惫颈箩补测补, who too belonged to Peruvanam^[1]. If this identity is correct, the date of the author cannot be later than the 11^th century, which is the latest date that can be assigned to 碍耻濒补艣别办丑补谤补varman of Mahodayapura, the patron of the Yamaka poet.

Dr. K. KunjunniRaja however identifies the author with 痴腻蝉耻诲别惫补, the protege of King Ravivarma of Ve峁�峁璦ttun膩du who authored the minor poems like Govindacarita, 厂补峁僰峁�e辫补产丑腻谤补迟补, 厂补峁僰峁�p补谤腻尘腻测补峁嘺 etc.^[2] According to Raja 痴腻蝉耻诲别惫补 belongs to the close of the 16^th century and taken as an elder contemporary of Melputt奴r狈腻谤腻测补峁嘺产丑补峁�峁�补.

The verse:鈥�

vighne艣abh膩rat墨 vy膩saguru艣膩bdikam奴rtaye |
namo'stu patye bh奴t膩n膩峁� sad膩nandacid膩tmane ||^[3]

Forms an introductory to the auto commentary named 笔补诲补肠补苍诲谤颈办腻 of 痴腻蝉耻诲别惫补vijaya This verse resembles very closely to the second verse of Govindacarita.

The verse in Govindacarita is as follows:鈥�

艣r墨madvighne艣av膩gdev墨k膩rttikey膩dim奴rtaye |
namo'stu patye bh奴t膩n膩峁� sad膩nandacid膩tmane ||^[4]

Another verse,

kundas奴namanoh膩ri mandah膩savir膩jitam |
nandagopakulotta峁僺amindir膩rama峁嘺峁� bhaje ||^[5]

Occurring in Govindacarita and 厂补峁僰峁�e辫补产丑腻谤补迟补 is found also in the commentary of 痴腻蝉耻诲别惫补vijaya The simplicity of the style in the Govindacarita etc. may be due to the fact that they were primarily intended for the beginners of Sanskrit. A different style is found in the 痴腻蝉耻诲别惫补vijaya, because it is intended to illustrate the rules of 笔腻峁噄苍颈.

It is believed that the work 痴腻蝉耻诲别惫补vijaya is left unfinished by 痴腻蝉耻诲别惫补, and it is N膩raya峁嘺bha峁�峁璦 who later completed it by composing 顿丑腻迟耻办腻惫测补. Though 痴腻蝉耻诲别惫补 completed his work in the illustration of Paniniyan rules, the story of 碍峁涐梗峁嘺 is incomplete.

N膩raya峁嘺bha峁�峁璦 mentions the fact in the verse:鈥�

耻诲腻丑峁泃补峁� p膩峁噄nis奴trama峁囜笉ala峁� pr膩gv膩sudevenatad奴rdhvato'辫补谤补岣� |
ud膩haratyadya v峁沰odarodit膩ndh膩t奴峁僰rame峁嘺iva hi m膩dhav膩艣ray膩t ||^[6]

From the 碍峁涐梗峁嚹乺辫补峁嘺 commentary of 顿丑腻迟耻办腻惫测补, it is known that 痴腻蝉耻诲别惫补, the author of 痴腻蝉耻诲别惫补vijaya belonged to the village of Peruvanam.

v膩sudevon膩ma kerale峁�u puruvanagr膩majanm膩ka艣ciddvijanm膩 |^[7]

It is possible that 痴腻蝉耻诲别惫补, a native of Peruvanam went to the court of the King Ravivarman of Ve峁�峁璦ttun膩岣島.

Hence according to Dr. K.Kunjunniraja the author of 痴腻蝉耻诲别惫补vijaya is identical with the author of Govindacarita.

According to Vatakkumkur Rajarajavarma, the authorship of 痴腻蝉耻诲别惫补vijaya and Govindacarita is not identical. He says the author of the Govindacarita and the contemporary of N膩raya峁嘺bha峁�峁璦, is a poet who writes poem for students. He does not possess the skill to compose a 艢腻蝉迟谤补办腻惫测补 like 痴腻蝉耻诲别惫补vijaya Only on the basis of the reference of 痴腻蝉耻诲别惫补 by N膩raya峁嘺bha峁�峁璦 in his 顿丑腻迟耻办腻惫测补, it cannot be concluded that the author of 痴腻蝉耻诲别惫补vijaya and Melputt奴r N膩raya峁嘺bha峁�峁璦 were contemporary poets. In 顿丑腻迟耻办腻惫测补 the word 辫谤腻办 is meant for long time ago. The author of 驰耻诲丑颈峁ａ弓丑颈谤补惫颈箩补测补, the court poet of 碍耻濒补艣别办丑补谤补 could be the author of 痴腻蝉耻诲别惫补vijaya Both the poems end with the word vijaya.

But these views are not accepted by Dr.K.Kunjunni Raja. He is of the opinion that same poet can create simple poems as well as scholarly works. The term 辫谤腻办 used by N膩raya峁嘺bha峁�峁璦 is suggestive and the word tad奴rdhvato鈥櫛璨拱�补岣� means younger to him.

Dr. S. Venkata Subramonia Aiyer in the introductory part of 顿丑腻迟耻办腻惫测补 蝉补测蝉:鈥�

It is quite possible that the author of 痴腻蝉耻诲别惫补vijaya is different from both the author of 驰耻诲丑颈峁ａ弓丑颈谤补惫颈箩补测补 and the author of the simple 办腻惫测补蝉.^[8]

In the series of 碍腻惫测补尘腻濒腻, the editors of this poem introduce the poet 痴腻蝉耻诲别惫补 as belonging to the Peruvanagr膩ma of Kerala and also as a great grammarian highly honored by the learned.

补测补峁� ca v膩sudevakavi岣� keralade艣e puruvanagr膩me pr膩durabh奴diti dh膩tuk膩vyapr膩rambhakavy膩khy膩ta岣� prat墨yate | k膩lastunani艣cita岣� | etadgrantharacanen膩sya mah膩vaiyaikara峁嘺tva峁� prat墨yate, 测补迟补岣� sargatray膩tmakenaiva sakal膩峁ａ弓膩dhy膩y墨k峁泃膩rth墨k峁泃膩 ||^[9]

There is a commentary on the 础谤箩耻苍补谤腻惫补峁嚹珁补 by a 痴腻蝉耻诲别惫补. Vatakkumkur Rajarajavarma identifies him with the author of 痴腻蝉耻诲别惫补vijaya He observes that the attempt at the commentary on a 痴测腻办补谤补峁噆腻惫测补 may be prompted him to compose a work on its model.

The 痴腻蝉耻诲别惫墨测补峁�墨k腻 is written for the cantos from 16 to 27. Prof.Vijayapal Sastri, the editor of 痴腻蝉耻诲别惫补vijaya mentioned in the preface of the work that the devotion of the author to Lord 碍峁涐梗峁嘺, resemblances in the style of composition and similarity in name lead to conclude both the authors are same^[10]. According to Dr. Sridhar Bhaskar Varnekar, the period of 痴腻蝉耻诲别惫补 is supposed to have between the 15^th and 16^th century. He also opines that the author was the court poet of the Zamorins of Calicut.^[11]

The 痴腻蝉耻诲别惫墨测补峁�墨k腻 of 础谤箩耻苍补谤腻惫补峁嚹珁补 and the 笔补诲补肠补苍诲谤颈办腻 commentary of 痴腻蝉耻诲别惫补vijaya have similarities in their style. While most of the commentaries of 础谤箩耻苍补谤腻惫补峁嚹珁补 suggests only the literary merits of the poem, 痴腻蝉耻诲别惫墨测补峁�墨k腻 implements the grammatical peculiarities also. 笔补诲补肠补苍诲谤颈办腻 of 痴腻蝉耻诲别惫补vijaya also has followed in explaining the grammatical aspects.

Both the commentaries quote many portions from 叠丑腻驳补惫补迟补辫耻谤腻峁嘺 and this also supports the single authorship. The author provides the name 痴腻蝉耻诲别惫墨测补峁�墨k腻 for the commentary of 础谤箩耻苍补谤腻惫补峁嚹珁补 because of two reasons. Primarily it is because of his own name and secondly his devotion to Lord 痴腻蝉耻诲别惫补.

This is stated as:鈥�

v膩sudevaikamanas膩 v膩sudevena nirmit膩m |
v膩sudev墨ya峁�墨k膩峁� t膩峁� v膩sudevyanumodat膩m ||^[12]

Here it can be found that two among the above mentioned arguments are prominent. One is the author of 痴腻蝉耻诲别惫补vijaya is identical with the author of 驰耻诲丑颈峁ａ弓丑颈谤补惫颈箩补测补. While the other is it may be the author of Govindacarita who composes 痴腻蝉耻诲别惫补vijaya The former argument is baseless. It is argued that the author of 驰耻诲丑颈峁ａ弓丑颈谤补惫颈箩补测补 is the court poet of 碍耻濒补艣别办丑补谤补varman of Mahodayapuram. Thus the date of the author may not be later than the 11^th Centurury A.D. On the contrary, the author of 痴腻蝉耻诲别惫补vijaya has referred to in certain grammarians such as 闯补测腻诲颈迟测补, Bhoja, 碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍, Bopadeva etc. Amongst 碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 belonged to the early 12^th Century.^[13] Simultaneously Bopadeva is a grammarian-philosopher and he had lived in the 13^th Century.^[14] Hence obviously the author of 驰耻诲丑颈峁ａ弓丑颈谤补惫颈箩补测补 of 11^th Century is mismatched with the author of 痴腻蝉耻诲别惫补vijaya Besides, both poems are end with the word vijaya is not a sufficient factor to determine the authorship.

The above mentioned observations reinforced the second argument. The author of Govindacarita has to be identified with the author of 痴腻蝉耻诲别惫补vijaya This 痴腻蝉耻诲别惫补 is a native of Peruvanam and he belongs to the close of 16^th Century. The resemblances in the verses used in both poems make provision for concluding the authorship of 痴腻蝉耻诲别惫补vijaya to the author of Govindacarita.

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

碍别谤补岣纺珁补蝉补峁僺办峁泃补蝉腻丑颈迟测补肠补谤颈迟谤补峁�, VatakkumkurRajarajavarma, vol.III,p.142-147.

[2]:

The contribution of Kerala to Sanskrit literature, K.Kunjunni Raja, p.124,126

[3]:

痴腻蝉耻诲别惫补vijaya of 痴腻蝉耻诲别惫补 with Padacandrk膩 commentary, Prof. Vijayapal Sastri,v.1

[4]:

Govindacarita, 痴腻蝉耻诲别惫补, v. I.2

[5]:

Ibid,v.I.3

[6]:

Dh膩tuk膩ya of 狈腻谤腻测补峁嘺产丑补峁�峁�补, (Ed.) S.VenkataSubramoniaAiyer, v. I.1.

[7]:

ibid,p.1.

[8]:

ibid, Introduction, p.xiii

[9]:

碍腻惫测补尘腻濒腻, Guccaka. X,p.52.

[10]:

Prof. VijayapalSastri, op.cit.Preface,p.13.

[11]:

idem.

[12]:

痴腻蝉耻诲别惫墨测补峁�墨k腻on础谤箩耻苍补谤腻惫补峁嚹珁补, v.XXVII.52

[13]:

碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 is the author of 碍峁Ｄ玶补迟补谤补峁単颈峁嚹玜苍诲 he wrote a commentary on 础尘补谤补办辞艣补 viz. 础尘补谤补办辞艣辞诲驳丑腻峁璦苍补. He is supposed to belong to the early 12^th century. (A History of Indian Literature, M.Winternitz,.). 痴腻蝉耻诲别惫补 mentions him twice in his commentary in order to justify the grammatical derivation of words.

[14]:

Bopadeva is the author of 贬补谤颈濒墨濒腻惫颈惫补谤补峁嘺, 惭耻办迟腻辫丑补濒补 etc. His Mugdhabodha is a grammatical work for the beginners. He was lived in Berar in the 13^th century. Wide ref. The concise encyclopedia of Hinduism, Swami Harshananda, Ramakrishnamatham, Banglore.; www.hindupedia.com.