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The social condition of the then Kashmir has been well reflected in the 艢谤墨办补峁囜弓丑补肠补谤颈迟补. The poet mentions various habits and customs followed by the people of that province of Kashmir. These habits and customs play an important part in regulation of the behaviour of a given individual^[1]. These habits and customs were, never transgressed. People without least violation abide by these conventions rigorously. Those habits and customs were as follows-

There is the social custom of observing a dance performance by the groom and the bride in the company of their relatives. There is the mention that, marriage rituals were performed before the blazing fire.^[2] The custom of putting on veil was in vogue, in that time of Kashmir (III. 25; XIII. 25, 29).^[3] A chaste woman never allowed herself to be touched by any person other than her husband^[4] nor did she allow anyone else, to look at her face.^[5] The housewives observed the vow of chastity and remained faithful to their consorts and hence, did not deserve to be addressed with harsh words.^[6] Widows did not bear saffron mark in their foreheads and did not put on any other ornamental things such as bangles etc.^[7] Married women would go to their parents鈥� abode, only when accompanied by a reliable person.^[8] The practice of polygamy has been referred.^[9] However, physical faithlessness was also mentioned.^[10]

The following customs were also practiced-circular waving of lights or 苍墨谤腻箩补苍腻.^[11] It was performed on the eve of a military expedition also.^[12] There was a custom of garlanding a person at the time of appointing him on a post.^[13] Again, if a person wanted to take an oath from someone, he or she used to hold his or her hand in his or her own.^[14] The ancient forms of the sign-boards were put on the roads for the guidance of the travellers.^[15] In spring season, especially at the month of caitra, people used to swing.^[16] Vermilion was sprinkled at the time of festivities.^[17] During festivals, dancing programmes were generally arranged.^[18] Muraja^[19], a kind of drum was beaten during dancing. Trumpets were blown to invite people for taking dinner.^[20] At the starting of a military march, a conch-shell was blown for auspiciousness.^[21] Similarly, victory was also observed by blowing a conch.^[22] If a defeated person did not pay his due to his conqueror, then that very person was kept in prison^[23] A person, to be killed was kept covered with a red cloth.^[24] There is a custom of beating of the drum at funeral ceremony.^[25] There was a custom of tying a band on the eyes of a disciple by the preceptor at the time of bestowing some secret.^[26] Again, at the time of initiating a woman to a creed, the guru scattered flowers on the head of that lady. Moreover, the eyes of that lady were to be closed etc.^[27]

These were some of the numerous habits and customs referred to in the 艢谤墨办补峁囜弓丑补肠补谤颈迟补.

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

Bhatt, B.N., 艢谤墨办补峁囜弓丑补肠补谤颈迟补., page 90

[2]:

Jonar膩ja writes in his commentary-anya艣ca jvalato鈥檊neragre vidhin膩 patny膩岣� p膩峁噄graha峁嘺峁� kurva帽jany膩n膩峁� tatk膩lsahac膩ri峁嚹佱箖 madhye ti峁ａ弓hannartanam墨k峁�ate/
艢谤墨办补峁囜弓丑补肠补谤颈迟补., III. 48, page 39

[3]:

kulab膩lik膩 n墨lapa峁璦 eva j膩lik膩 j膩lasad峁浥沘maccha峁� vastra峁� tay膩 mukham膩rga峁� pyadhit膩cch膩dayat/ Ibid., XIII. 29, page 188

[4]:

Ibid., V. 28; VIII. 3

[5]:

j膩n膩my膩 h峁沝ay膩ddayit膩mam峁泃amay奴kha ni艣膩峁� te/
praka峁�墨kurute kumudamukha峁� y膩 svaradh膩mani 艣膩nte//
Ibid., XII. 79

[6]:

sadv峁泃tavi艣r膩ntimat墨 na j膩tu k峁沜chre鈥檖i p膩tra峁� paru峁Ｄ乲峁�ar膩峁嚹佱箖/
satpu峁噛abh膩ja岣� satat膩nuv峁泃t膩 kasy膩pyaho sadg峁沨i峁嚹玽a v膩峁嚹�// Ibid., II. 13

[7]:

Ibid., V. 31; XXI. 50; XXII. 56

[8]:

Ibid., IX. 3

[9]:

Ibid., VIII. 35; XIII. 50

[10]:

Ibid., VIII. 39; XII. 87-93

[11]:

agre nir膩jita iva nav膩v膩ptadhairyo鈥檙yam膩艣ma-jv膩l膩j膩lairayamudayate cakravart墨 grah膩峁嚹佱箖/
vyaktto yo鈥檅h奴dyuvativadanollekhasarvasvacauro r膩trau so鈥檛ha bru岣峚ti ja岣峢agurbh奴mibh峁泃ka峁僰adar膩su//
Ibid., XVI. 9

[12]:

jvalat膩 vahnin膩 艣a峁僢horadhilocanavedika峁�/
par膩bhi峁�e峁嘺ne te峁Ｄ佱箖 cakre 苍墨谤腻箩补苍腻vidhi岣� Ibid., XIX. 4

[13]:

Jonar膩ja observes-adhik膩r膩rpa峁嘺samaye grah墨turm膩l膩峁� badhnant墨ti ka艣m墨re峁�v膩c膩ra岣�/
Ibid., III. 50, page 39

[14]:

Ibid., X. 7

[15]:

Ibid., XII. 33

[16]:

Ibid., III. 30; VII. 51, 52

[17]:

Ibid., XVIII. 11; XXII. 48; XXIII. 15

[18]:

Ibid., XXIII. 15; XXIV. 14

[19]:

alakarayugalakram膩hatadvipakara峁璦dvitayena nandin膩/
kimu murajamav膩dyat膩grata岣� 艣a艣i艣iraso ra峁嘺ra峁単anartane// Ibid., XXIII. 20

[20]:

Ibid., XXIII. 5

[21]:

Ibid., XIX. 47

[22]:

Ibid., XXIII. 23

[23]:

Ibid., XIV. 59

[24]:

Jonar膩ja comments鈥搗adhyatvaj帽膩pan膩ya rakt膩mbare峁嘺 pr膩v峁泃ya vadhyo hanyata ity膩c膩ra岣�/
Ibid., III. 26, page 35

[25]:

Ibid., XXII. 9

[26]:

Ibid., VII. 19; XI. 6

[27]:

Ibid., XII. 94