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To protect the kingdom and the realm the king should perform some duties. Lord Manu 蝉补测蝉鈥�

d奴tasa峁僷re峁�a峁嘺峁� caiva k膩rya艣e峁�a峁� tathaiva ca |
补苍迟补岣� pura辫谤补肠腻谤补峁僣a pra峁噄dh墨n膩帽ca ce峁ａ弓itam || 7.153 ||^[1]

鈥淸He should deliberate] also, on the deputation of envoys, the execution of the undertakings, the whereabouts of the ladies of the harem and the doings of the spies.鈥�^[2]

In this context, commentator Kull奴kabhat峁泃峁沘鈥� said about the appointment of spy.鈥�

鈥渃膩r膩峁嚹伱眂a prati谤腻箩腻di峁�u niyukr膩n膩峁� car膩ntarai艣cep峁璱tamavadh膩rayet 鈥� |

惭别诲丑腻迟颈迟丑颈 commented about this:

鈥減ra峁噄dh墨n膩帽ca k膩pa峁璱k膩d墨n膩峁� v膩 paraspar膩bhice峁ａ弓ita峁� cintayet 鈥� |

Here 辫谤补峁噄诲丑颈 means cara or spy. As we have noticed elsewhere Manu does not mention the qualifications of Pranidhi or spy. Kau峁璱ly has a most comprehensive treatment on the subject. It is worthy of notice that Kull奴ka has referred to a five fold classification of spies and described them in dtails.

Beside this, Manu also said about the compulsory duty of the king.

办峁泃蝉苍补峁� 肠腻峁ａ弓补惫颈诲丑补峁� karma 辫补帽肠补惫补谤驳补帽肠补 迟补迟迟惫补迟补岣� anur膩g膩par膩gau ca 辫谤补肠腻谤补峁� ma峁囜笉alasya ca ||鈥� 7.154 ||^[3]

鈥淸He should deliberate], also on the entire eight fold acts, the fivefold group [of spies] correctly, the affection or disaffection [of his enemies servants and etc.] and the conduct of the circle [of the neighbouring kings闭.鈥�^[4]

In this context, 鈥楳anu鈥� used the technical term 笔补帽肠补惫补谤驳补. Here 笔补帽肠补惫补谤驳补 means the five fold groups of spies. They are 办腻辫补峁璱办补, 耻诲腻蝉迟丑颈迟补, 驳峁沨补辫补迟颈惫测补帽箩补苍补, vaidehika 惫测补帽箩补苍补 and 迟腻辫补蝉补 惫测补帽箩补苍补.

But, commentator 鈥槹�耻濒濒奴办补产丑补峁�峁��� presents and elaborates discourse on the nature and functions of the five kinds of spies, which are 办腻辫补峁璱办补, 耻诲腻蝉迟丑颈迟补, 驳峁沨补辫补迟颈惫测补帽箩补苍补, vaidehika 惫测补帽箩补苍补 and 迟腻辫补蝉补 惫测补帽箩补苍补.

碍耻濒濒奴办补产丑补峁�峁�补 says in his commentary鈥�

鈥渒腻辫补峁璱办辞诲腻蝉迟丑颈迟补鈥�驳峁沨补辫补迟颈鈥攙aidehika鈥敵倌灞璨共醪光�攙ya帽jan膩tmaka峁� pa帽cabidha峁� c膩ravarga峁� 辫补帽肠补惫补谤驳补艣avdav膩cya峁� tattvata艣cintayet | tatra paramadharmaj帽a岣� pragalbhacch膩tra岣� kapa峁璦vyavah膩ritv膩t 办腻辫补峁璱办补sta峁� v峁泃tyarthinamartham膩n膩bhy膩mupag峁沨ya rahasi 谤腻箩腻 vruy膩t 鈥測asya 诲耻谤惫峁泃迟补峁� pa艣yasi tattad膩n墨meba mayi vaktavyamiti | pravrajy膩r奴岣峢apatita 耻诲腻蝉迟丑颈迟补岣�, ta峁� loke峁�u viditado峁�a峁� praj帽膩艣aucayukra峁僾峁泃tyarthina峁� 箩帽腻迟惫腻 rahasi 谤腻箩腻 辫奴谤惫补惫补迟 vruy膩t vah奴tpattikama峁環e sthapayet | pracura艣asyotpattika峁� bh奴myantara帽ca tadv峁泃tyarthamupakalpayet | sa c膩nye峁Ｄ乵api pravrajit膩n膩峁� r膩jac膩rakarmak膩ri峁嚹佱箖 gr膩s膩cch膩dan膩dika峁� dady膩t | 办补谤峁�a办补岣� k峁Ｄ�峁嘺v峁泃ri岣� praj帽膩艣aucayukro 驳峁沨补辫补迟颈惫测补帽箩补苍补stamapi p奴rvavaduktv膩 svabh奴mau k峁涐梗ikarma k膩rayet | 惫腻峁噄箩补办补岣� k峁Ｄ�峁嘺v峁泃ti岣� vaidehika惫测补帽箩补苍补sta峁� p奴rvavaduttc膩 dhanam膩n膩bhy膩m膩tm墨k峁泃ya 惫腻峁噄箩测补峁� k膩rayet |鈥� mu峁囜笉o ja峁璱lo v膩 v峁泃tik膩mas迟腻辫补蝉补惫测补帽箩补苍补岣�, so'pi kvacid膩艣rame vasan vahumu峁囜笉aja峁璱l膩ntarakapa峁璦艣i峁�yaga峁嘺v峁泃o guptar膩jopakalpitav峁泃ti岣� 迟腻辫补蝉测补峁� 办耻谤测腻迟, 尘腻蝉补鈥� dvim膩s膩ntarita峁� 辫谤补办腻艣补峁� vadar膩dimu峁ａ弓ima艣n墨y膩t, rahasi ca r膩jopakalpita峁� yathe峁ａ弓am膩h膩ra峁� kalpayet | 艣i峁�y膩艣c膩sy膩t墨t膩n膩gataj帽膩n膩dika峁� khy膩payeyu岣� | tena vahulokave峁ａ弓anam膩s膩dya sarve峁Ｄ佱箖 vi艣v膩san墨yatv膩t sarve k膩ryamak膩rya帽ca p峁沜chanti | anyasya ca kukriy膩dika峁� kathayantyeva峁價奴pa峁� 辫补帽肠补惫补谤驳补峁� yath膩vaccintayet | eva峁� 辫补帽肠补惫补谤驳补峁� praka岣峱ya tenaiva 辫补帽肠补惫补谤驳补dv膩re峁嘺 patir膩jasy膩tm墨y膩n膩帽c膩m膩tyad墨n膩manur膩gavirogau 箩帽腻迟惫腻 tadanurupa峁� cintayet | vak峁�yam膩峁嘺sya ca 谤腻箩补尘补峁囜笉补濒补sya 辫谤补肠腻谤补峁� ka岣� sandhyarth墨 ko v膩 vigrah膩rth墨tyadika峁� cintayet | ta帽ca 箩帽腻迟惫腻 tadanugu峁嘺峁� cintayet | 鈥�

鈥淭he spies would act under the guise of these men. A 碍腻辫补迟颈办补 means an intelligent student capable of reading the thoughts of others through false behaviour. The king should win over such a man to his service and speak to him in secret in the following manner鈥斺�減lease keep me informed of any defect that you may notice in my administration鈥�. An ascetic who has violated his vows is known as 鈥�鲍诲腻蝉迟丑颈迟补鈥�. The king; finding him to be a wise and pure man whose weaknesses have yet remained unexposed to the people, should employ him in his service with secret instruction (like the 碍腻辫补迟颈办补). He would place the man at the top of a monastery yielding a large income and would also give him large tracts of lands producing abundant crop so that he may give shelter to other disguised mendicants who are in the espionage of the king. A 驳峁沨补辫补迟颈 is a distressed agriculturist. The king finding him to be a man of intelligence and possessed of pure character, make provisions for his better livelihood and employ him in his work with secret instructions. Similarly a vaidehika is a decayed merchant fallen into rainy days. The king should grant vast amount of wealth and land to him and engage him in his service with instructions as before. A 迟腻辫补蝉补 is a false ascetic with paraphernalia of matted locks and surrounded by a group of fictitious disciples who are in the habit of propagating his knowledge of past and future. His uncommon austerities and mystic powers, his habit of taking handful of plums at an interval of two months and so on. His meal would be secretly sent by the king and he would try to secure information regarding the whereabouts of wicked persons as they confess to him on account of his occupying the privileged position.鈥�^[5]

Commentator 鈥槻驯鸹宄竽宄倬背俪缶�; commented about 笔补帽肠补惫补谤驳补鈥�

1. 鈥減aramadharmaj帽膩岣� pragalbhach膩tr膩岣� k膩pa峁璱k膩st膩nartham膩n膩bhy膩mupasa峁僩峁沨ya 尘补苍迟谤墨 pruy膩t 鈥�谤腻箩腻na峁� 尘腻帽肠补 辫谤补尘腻峁嘺峁� 办峁泃惫腻 yatra yadaku艣ala峁� tat tad膩n墨mev膩cch膩tavya峁� tvaye鈥� ti |

2. pravrajy膩y膩岣� pratyavasita 耻诲腻蝉迟丑颈迟补岣�, sa ca praj帽膩艣aucayukra岣�, sarv膩nnaprad膩nasamarth膩y膩峁� bh奴mau prabh奴tahira峁噛膩y膩峁� d膩sakarma k膩rayet | k峁涐梗ikarmaphala峁� tacca sarvapravrajit膩n膩峁� gr膩s膩cch膩dan膩vasath膩n pratividadhy膩t, te峁Ｄ佱箖 ye v峁泃tik膩m膩st膩nupajapedevametenaiva v峁泃tena 谤腻箩腻rtha艣caritavyobhakravetanak膩le copasthatavyamiti | sarvapravrajit膩岣� sva峁� sva峁� karmopajapeyu岣� |

3. kar峁�ako v峁泃tik峁Ｄ�峁嘺岣� praj帽膩艣aucayukro驳峁沨补辫补迟颈惫测补帽箩补苍补岣�, sa k峁涐梗ikarma 办耻谤测腻诲补, yathokr膩y膩峁� bh奴m膩viti |

4. v膩峁噄jiko v峁泃tik峁Ｄ�峁嘺岣� praj帽膩艣aucayukrovaidehika惫测补帽箩补苍补岣�, sa k峁涐梗ikarma kury膩d, yathokr膩y膩峁� bh奴m膩viti sam膩nam |

5. mu峁囜笉o ja峁璱lo v膩 v峁泃tik膩ma岣� 迟腻辫补蝉补惫测补帽箩补苍补岣�, sa nagar膩bhy膩se prabh奴taja峁璱lamu峁囜笉膩ntev膩siv峁泃a岣� 艣腻办补峁� yavamu峁ａ弓i峁� v膩 m膩s膩ntarita峁� prak膩艣ama艣n墨y膩ddharmavy膩jena 驳耻岣峢补峁� yathe峁ａ弓am膩h膩ram | 迟腻辫补蝉补vya帽jan膩ntev膩sina艣caina峁� prasiddhayogairarthal膩bhamagre 艣i峁�y膩艣c膩di艣eyu岣� | 诲腻丑补峁� 肠补耻谤补产丑补测补峁� du峁ａ弓avadha帽ca vide艣aprab峁泃tamidamadya 艣vo v膩 bhavi峁�yat墨da峁� v膩 谤腻箩腻 kari峁�yat墨ti tasya g奴岣峢amantri峁嘺statprayukr膩岣� samp膩dayeyu | ye c膩sya r膩j帽o va峁兣沘lak峁�a峁嘺vihy膩峁� sa峁単avidy膩峁� jambhakavidy膩峁� m膩y膩gatam膩艣ramadharma峁� nimittaj帽膩na帽c膩dh墨y膩n膩 mantri峁嘺statra 谤腻箩腻 etatpa帽ca蝉补峁僺迟丑补yatairmantribhi岣� svavi峁�aye'vasthapayet |mantripurohitasen膩patiyuvar膩ja鈥� dauv膩rik膩ntarva峁兣沬k膩di峁�u sadvyapade艣ave峁�a艣ilpabh膩峁Ｄ乿ido janapad膩pade艣ena mantri峁嘺岣� sandh膩rayet | tath膩 kuvjav膩manakir膩tam奴kaja岣峚vadhir膩ndhana峁璦narttakag膩yan膩daya岣� striya艣c膩bhyant膩rac膩ri峁噛o'峁璦vy膩峁� vanecar膩岣� 办腻谤测腻岣�, gr膩me gr膩m墨峁嘺k膩daya岣� puru峁�avyap膩r膩rth膩岣� svavy膩p膩raparampar膩岣� | paraspara帽caite voddhavy膩st膩d峁浥沘ireva t膩d峁浥浤佱弗 | v膩ri蝉补峁僺迟丑补 g奴岣峢asa峁僯帽it膩岣� | eva峁� 辫补帽肠补惫补谤驳补峁� prakalpya parasy膩tmana艣c膩tm墨y膩deva pa帽cavarg膩n mantripurohit膩d墨n膩manur膩g膩par膩gau vidy膩t, pravarteta | tath膩 谤腻箩补尘补峁囜笉补濒补prac膩ram, ko 尘腻峁囜笉补濒颈办补岣� sandhivigrah膩dau kasmin prac膩re pravartata iti |

According to鈥� k Kull奴kabha峁嘺 the king should say to 碍腻辫补迟颈办补 to report to him any evil of any person which he notices. According to 鈥槻驯鸹宄竽宄倬背俪缶�, the minister should say this to 碍腻辫补迟颈办补. As king and minister are the authority of 碍腻辫补迟颈办补, he would report to king and minister about any evil of any person which he would notice. Beside this鈥敯�耻濒濒奴办补产丑补峁�峁��� and 鈥槻驯鸹宄竽宄倬背俪缶扁�� had recommended on five fold group of spies.

But Manu did not discuss in detail. He had discussed only about five fold group of spies using the word 笔补帽肠补惫补谤驳补. Manu鈥檚 辫补帽肠补惫补谤驳补 is kau峁噄lya鈥檚 蝉补峁僺迟丑补 type of spy.

According to the importance, utility etc. 碍补耻峁璱濒测补 described vividly about spy using the knowledge of 惭补苍耻蝉补峁僪颈迟腻 and its commentary in his 础谤迟丑补艣腻蝉迟谤补.

In this way, appointing 笔补帽肠补惫补谤驳补, the king will come to know with the help of his own spy whether the priests and the ministers of his kingdom are pleased or not.

Manu also discussed that the king will know about 谤腻箩补尘补峁囜笉补濒补. He should know which of the kings are eager to make treaty and who are ready to fight. 搁腻箩补尘补峁囜笉补濒补 is discussed in details in the part of the principle of war in the, 惭补苍耻蝉补峁僪颈迟腻. Great 碍补耻峁璱濒测补 followed 碍耻濒濒奴办补产丑补峁�峁�补 and 惭别诲丑腻迟颈迟丑颈.

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

Manabendu Bandyopadhaya: Op. cit., p.696.

[2]:

Ashoka Bandyopadhaya: Op. cit., p. 248.

[3]:

Manabendu Bandyopadhaya: Op. cit., p. 697.

[4]:

Ashoka Bandyopadhaya: Op. cit., p. 250.

[5]:

Ashokanath Shastri: Op. cit., pp. 161-162.